The Kadohadacho (

Caddo The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language. The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who ...

: Kadawdáachuh) are a Native American tribe within the

Confederacy. Today they are enrolled in the

Caddo Nation of Oklahoma The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language. The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, w ...

History

The Kadohadacho traditionally lived at the borders of

Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...

Oklahoma Oklahoma ( ; Choctaw language, Choctaw: , ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Texas to the south and west, Kansas to the north, Missouri to the northea ...

Arkansas Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the West South Central region of the Southern United States. It borders Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma ...

, and

Louisiana Louisiana ( ; ; ) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It borders Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, and Mississippi to the east. Of the 50 U.S. states, it ranks 31st in area and 25 ...

. They cultivated crops, such as corn, beans, squash, and pecans, and manufactured bows and pottery for trade.Meredith, Howard
"Caddo (Kadohadacho)."
''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.'' (retrieved 6 September 2009) Traveling parties of Kadohadacho encountered the

Hernando De Soto Hernando de Soto (; ; 1497 – 21 May 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula. He played an important role in Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru, ...

expedition in 1541, but the Spaniards did not enter their territory. In 1687, the tribe welcomed the survivors of the La Salle expedition into their villages in Texas. From that point onward, the Kadohadacho maintained friendly relations with the French."Kadohadacho Indian Tribe"
''Access Genealogy''. (retrieved 6 September 2009) In the 17th and 18th centuries, they were one of three clusters of Caddo tribes. Their group consisted of four communities settled near the Great Bend of the Red River. During the early 18th century, they were attacked and many were either slain or enslaved by the

Chickasaw The Chickasaw ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, United States. Their traditional territory was in northern Mississippi, northwestern and northern Alabama, western Tennessee and southwestern Kentucky. Their language is ...

. Some remnants of the tribe fled west and joined the Nassoni and the Caddoan-speaking Natchitoches. By the late 18th century, the remaining Kadohadacho joined their Nachitoches relatives in northwestern Louisiana.

Removal

In 1845 the US federal government removed both the Kadohadacho and the Hasinai to the Brazos Reservation in Texas. In 1859, these tribes were again removed, with other Caddo tribes, to

Indian Territory Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the Federal government of the United States, United States government for the relocation of Native Americans in the United States, ...

on a reservation located between the

Canadian Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...

and

Washita River The Washita River () is a river in the U.S. states of Texas and Oklahoma. The river is long and terminates at its confluence with the Red River of the South, Red River, which is now part of Lake Texoma () on the TexasOklahoma border. Geogra ...

Today

The Kadohadacho are enrolled members of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma, along with the

Hasinai The Hasinai Confederacy (Caddo: ) was a large confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans who occupied territory between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas. Today, their descendants are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma an ...

, the Hainai, and other Caddo tribes. The Kadohadacho dialect of the

Caddo language Caddo (endonym: , ) is a Caddoan language indigenous to the Southern United States and the traditional language of the Caddo, Caddo Nation. It is critically endangered, with no exclusively Caddo-speaking community and as of 2023 only two speaker ...

, closely related to the Hasinai and Natchitoche dialects, is still spoken today.Vocabulary.
''Kiwat Hasinay Foundation.'' (retrieved 6 September 2009)

Notes

References

* Edmonds, Randlett. ''Nusht'uhtitiʔ Hasinay: Caddo Phrasebook.'' Richardson, TX: Various Indian Peoples Publishing, 2003. . * Lauber, Almon Wheeler. ''Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States''. New York: AMS Press, 1969. (originally published by Columbia University Press, 1913) * Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast''. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. . *

External links

Caddo Nation of Oklahoma

article from the Oklahoma Historical Society {{DEFAULTSORT:Kadohadacho Caddoan peoples Native American tribes in Arkansas Native American tribes in Louisiana Native American tribes in Oklahoma Native American tribes in Texas