: ''The article contains bi-directional text.'' K-P-R is a

Semitic root The roots of verbs and most nouns in the Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or " radicals" (hence the term consonantal root). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowel ...

, in Arabic and Hebrew rendered as ''K-F-R'' (; ). The basic meaning of the root is "to cover", but it is used in the sense "to conceal" and hence "to deny", and its notability derives from its use for religious

heresy Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of heresy. Heresy in Heresy in Christian ...

apostasy Apostasy (; ) is the formal religious disaffiliation, disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person. It can also be defined within the broader context of embracing an opinion that is contrary to one's previous re ...

(as it were describing the "concealment" of religious truth) in both

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

and

Judaism Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...

Etymology

Georges Bohas and Mihai Dat, in a study of triconsonantal Semitic roots, noted a connection of X-''p''-''r'', ''p''-''r''-X and ''p''-X-''r'' roots (where X is another consonant) with meanings like "break off", "part," "cut", "shut off", "remove", "break up", "hide", "expel", suggesting a

Proto-Semitic Proto-Semitic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Semitic languages. There is no consensus regarding the location of the linguistic homeland for Proto-Semitic: scholars hypothesize that it may have originated in the Levant, the Sahara, ...

biconsontal root ''pr'' meaning "cut, divide." It is first attested in the Akkadian verb ''kaparu'' ("wipe, smear"), with D-stem ''kupparu''.

Amharic

* Qofere () dug

Arabic

Concepts

Kufr ''Kāfir'' (; , , or ; ; or ) is an Arabic-language term used by Muslims to refer to a non-Muslim, more specifically referring to someone who disbelieves in the Islamic God, denies his authority, and rejects the message of Islam a ...

(), Kefirah () — negation of the faith; disbelief * Kāfir (), pl. ' () and ' (), Kofer (), pl. Kofrim () — ''"coverer"'' — unbeliever; "a person who hides or covers the truth" *

Takfīr ''Takfir'' () is an Arabic and Islamic term which denotes excommunication from Islam of one Muslim by another, i.e. accusing another Muslim of being an apostate. The word is found neither in the Quran nor in the ''ḥadīth'' literature; ins ...

() — excommunication *Mukaffir () — the act which precipitates takfīr *Kafare (Arabic) — sentence for a crime, for example lashes for adultery, used in religious issues *Kafr () — village * Kaffarah (); Kofer () — compensation for damages in

Quranic The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...

Talmudic The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the centerpiece of Jewi ...

and Mishnaic

tort A tort is a civil wrong, other than breach of contract, that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act. Tort law can be contrasted with criminal law, which deals with cri ...

law.

Sunni Hadith

(') will appear on the front of the face of dajjāl ().

Hebrew

* ''Kofer-nefesh'' ()."The price of a life", "a

ransom Ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release. It also refers to the sum of money paid by the other party to secure a captive's freedom. When ransom means "payment", the word ...

", compared to Teutonic

Weregild Weregild (also spelled wergild, wergeld (in archaic/historical usage of English), weregeld, etc.), also known as man price ( blood money), was a precept in some historical legal codes whereby a monetary value was established for a person's life, ...

. * The

poll tax A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources. ''Poll'' is an archaic term for "head" or "top of the head". The sen ...

of a half

shekel A shekel or sheqel (; , , plural , ) is an ancient Mesopotamian coin, usually of silver. A shekel was first a unit of weight—very roughly 11 grams (0.35 ozt)—and became currency in ancient Tyre, Carthage and Hasmonean Judea. Name The wo ...

to be paid by every male above twenty years at the census, as described in . * The spelling "" (with the stress on the e, which stands for which is a long vowel) can mean an unbeliever, similar to the Arabic ''

kafir ''Kāfir'' (; , , or ; ; or ) is an Arabic-language term used by Muslims to refer to a non-Muslim, more specifically referring to someone who disbelieves in the Islamic God, denies his authority, and rejects the message of Islam as ...

'', see

Apostasy in Judaism Apostasy in Judaism is the rejection of Judaism and possible conversion to another religion by a Jew. The term ''apostasy'' is derived from , meaning "rebellious" (. translitterally ''Mored'') Equivalent expressions for apostate in Hebrew that a ...

, Heresy in Orthodox Judaism * The main meaning of the root is "atone". For example, in (

Yom Kippur Yom Kippur ( ; , ) is the holiest day of the year in Judaism. It occurs annually on the 10th of Tishrei, corresponding to a date in late September or early October. For traditional Jewish people, it is primarily centered on atonement and ...

), the Day of Atonement. * Kfar () — village * Kaparah () — atonement for a transgression, or compensation through monetary or spiritual means. See Kaparot () *

() — the day of atonement