The jussive (

abbreviated An abbreviation () is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing per ...

) is a

grammatical mood In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (for example, a statement ...

verb A verb is a word that generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual description of English, the basic f ...

s for issuing orders, commanding, or exhorting (within a subjunctive framework). English verbs are not marked for this mood. The mood is similar to the '' cohortative'' mood, which typically applies to the first person by appeal to the object's duties and obligations, and the '' imperative'', which applies to the second person (by command). The ''jussive'' however typically covers the first and third persons. It can also apply to orders by their author's wish in the ''mandative

subjunctive The subjunctive (also known as the conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unrealit ...

'', as in the English, "The bank insists that she repay her debt."

Examples

Arabic

Classical and Standard Arabic verbs conjugate for at least three distinct moods in the imperfect:

indicative A realis mood ( abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentence Dec ...

and jussive. The main use of this mood is in negative commands. The jussive form is also used in past tense sentences negated by (but not ).

Esperanto

The jussive mood can be expressed in Esperanto using the volitive verb form, which is made by adding -u to a verb stem. : (Go!) : (I asked him to come.) : (Let him speak.) : (Let's go.) : (May my daughter be beautiful!)

Finnish

While there is a separate imperative form in Finnish, the jussive mood is used for the third person, where the imperative is not suitable. The jussive's ending is in the singular and in the plural. The jussive can be used to express speakers' positions or opinions that somebody is allowed to do something or that somebody is expected to do something.

German

In the

German language German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switze ...

, the jussive mood is expressed using the

present The present is the period of time that is occurring now. The present is contrasted with the past, the period of time that has already occurred; and the future, the period of time that has yet to occur. It is sometimes represented as a hyperplan ...

(named or in German). It is typical of formal documents or religious texts, such as the Bible. Because it was more common in past centuries, it has often survived in proverbs: It is still common that recipes are written in jussive mood: Apart from that, jussive mood is still quite common in contemporary German. However, the pronouns ''he'', ''she'', and ''it'' might not be used directly; otherwise jussive would be mistaken for a dated form of courteous imperative. Instead, they will have to be replaced by "who", "someone", "everyone", "the new colleague" and so on: Finally, an example for jussive that would have served as a courteous imperative when addressing people of lower, but not lowest, rank: Note that is written in capital letters here. Even if this construction is not used anymore in common German, it will be recognized as being an imperative (German

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lists the example as a historic form of an imperative).

Hindi

For the non-aspectual verb forms, Hindi uses the subjunctive forms as imperatives for the formal 2nd person and the 3rd person singular and plural grammatical persons. ;jussive mood - 2P formal ;jussive mood - 3P singular ;jussive mood - 3P plural

Latin

In the

Latin language Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

, the

has a usage labelled the "jussive subjunctive" or that expresses 3rd-person orders: * ("Let him help.") * ("Let them come.") A jussive use of the present subjunctive is also attested for the second person in sayings and poetry, as well as in early Latin. * ("Leave behind ..the wrongs of Fortune", saying from

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

's ) * ("Show us the way", poetry from

Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (; 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Rome, ancient Roman poet of the Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Augustan period. He composed three of the most fa ...

Aeneid The ''Aeneid'' ( ; or ) is a Latin Epic poetry, epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy, Trojan who fled the Trojan War#Sack of Troy, fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Ancient Rome ...

)

Russian

The jussive mood in modern Russian serves as an imperative (for issuing orders, commanding or requesting), but covers third person instead of second person. It is always formed with a particle , which is derived from the verb (to let, to allow). : Imperative: (''Run!'') : Jussive: (similar to ''Let him run'')

Turkish

The jussive mood in Turkish serves as an imperative (for issuing orders, commanding or requesting), but covers third person (both singular and plural) instead of second person. The negative, interrogative and negative-interrogative forms are also possible. : Imperative: (''Run!'') : Jussive: (similar to ''Let him/her run'' or ''he/she shall run'') : Jussive: (similar to ''Let them run'' or ''they shall run'') : Imperative: (''Don't run!'') : Jussive: (similar to ''Don't let him/her run'' or ''he/she shall not run'') : Jussive: (similar to ''Don't let them run'' or ''they shall not run'')