Jumgal Too is a mountain range in internal

Tian Shan The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, meaning the "Mountains of God/Heaven", is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia. The highest peak is Jengish Chokusu at high and located in Kyrgyzstan. Its lowest point is ...

Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to t ...

. It is part of Jumgal mountain system which includes also ranges Sandyk, Kara Moynok, Kindik, and Oy Kaiyn. It lies north of the

Jumgal The Jumgal () is a river in Jumgal District, Naryn Region, Kyrgyzstan. It is a left tributary of the Kökömeren. The river is formed at the confluence of the rivers Kyzart and Bazarturuk, which originate in the Fergana Range. The river's length ...

valley. The length of the range is 54 km, width - 15 km, and height up to 4121m. The Jumgal mountain range rises from east to west. The slopes of the mountains are uneven: the northern sides of the Jumgal and Oy Kaiyn mountains are steep and short, while the southern sides are wide and gently sloping. In contrast, the slopes of the Kindik, Kara Moynok, and Sandyk mountains are smoother. Streams feeding the Western and Eastern Karakol rivers flow down from the mountains. Small glaciers are found in the Kara Moynok and Oy Kaiyn mountains, with a total area of .

Geology

The geological structure of the mountain is highly complex. Its western section consists of a granite-diorite intrusion and Upper

Proterozoic The Proterozoic ( ) is the third of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8 Mya, and is the longest eon of Earth's geologic time scale. It is preceded by the Archean and followed by the Phanerozo ...

phyllite Phyllite ( ) is a type of foliation (geology), foliated metamorphic rock formed from slate that is further metamorphosed so that very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation.Stephen Marshak ''Essentials of Geology'', 3rd ed. I ...

and

quartzite Quartzite is a hard, non- foliated metamorphic rock that was originally pure quartz sandstone.Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak, p 182 Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tecton ...

formations, with thicknesses ranging from 500 to 3000 meters. The central part is primarily composed of Lower

Paleozoic The Paleozoic ( , , ; or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three Era (geology), geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the Neoproterozoic (the last era of the Proterozoic Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma a ...

granites and granite-diorites. The eastern section is formed of

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era, and the second of twelve periods of the Phanerozoic Eon (geology), Eon. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years f ...

sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, tuffs, porphyrites, limestones, conglomerates, and other deposits, with thicknesses between 1000 and 4600 meters. In the intermontane depressions,

Neogene The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...

and

Quaternary The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the ...

sedimentary deposits are present. The mountain range contains

nepheline syenite Nepheline syenite is a holocrystalline Intrusion, plutonic rock that consists largely of nepheline and alkali feldspar. The rocks are mostly pale colored, grey or pink, and in general appearance they are not unlike granites, but dark green varie ...

massifs, which are associated with aluminum ore deposits.

Landscapes

The mountain landscapes change according to altitude zones. At the foothills, especially on the southern slopes, there are steppe areas (feather grass and Artemisia up to 2200–2300 meters. From 2200 to 2800 meters, there are meadow-steppes (feather grass and mixed herbs) with some forested areas. Between 2800 and 3300 meters, alpine meadows and meadow-steppes prevail. Above 3300 meters, there are rocky, scree-covered subnival and nival-glacial zones. The area is used for pastures.

Climate

The climate varies by altitude and is generally continental. The average air temperature is –11.9°C in January and 12.5°C in July, with annual precipitation ranging from 300 to 400 mm.

References

Mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan Naryn Region Mountain ranges of the Tian Shan {{kyrgyzstan-geo-stub