Julio Ramón Ribeyro
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Julio Ramón Ribeyro Zúñiga (31 August 1929 – 4 December 1994) was a Peruvian writer best known for his short stories. He was also successful in other genres: novel, essay, theater, diary and
aphorism An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: ''aphorismos'', denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle. Aphorisms are often handed down by tra ...
. In the year of his death, he was awarded the US$100,000 '' Premio Juan Rulfo de literatura latinoamericana y del Caribe''. His work has been translated into numerous
languages Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing. Human language is ch ...
, including English. The characters in his stories, often autobiographical and usually written in simple but
ironic Irony, in its broadest sense, is the juxtaposition of what, on the surface, appears to be the case with what is actually or expected to be the case. Originally a rhetorical device and literary technique, in modernity, modern times irony has a ...
language, tend to end up with their hopes cruelly dashed. But despite its apparent
pessimism Pessimism is a mental attitude in which an undesirable outcome is anticipated from a given situation. Pessimists tend to focus on the negatives of life in general. A common question asked to test for pessimism is "Is the glass half empty or half ...
, Ribeyro's work is often comic, its humor springing from both the author's sense of irony and the accidents that befall his protagonists. A collection was published under the title ''La palabra del mudo'' (The Word of the Mute). Ribeyro studied literature and law in Universidad Católica in Lima. In 1960 he immigrated to Paris where he worked as a journalist in France Presse and then as cultural advisor and ambassador to UNESCO. He was an avid smoker, as described in his short story ¨Sólo para fumadores¨ (For smokers only), and he died as a result of his addiction.


Life and career


Early years (1929–1952)

Ribeyro was born in
Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
on 31 August 1929. He was the son of Julio Ramón Ribeyro Bonello and Mercedes Zúñiga Rabines, the first of four children (two boys and two girls). His family was middle class, but in earlier generations had belonged to the upper class, counting among his ancestors some illustrious figures in Peruvian culture and politics, mostly of a conservative and "civilist" trend. In his childhood he lived in
Santa Beatriz Santa Beatriz is a neighbourhood in Lima District. It is the southernmost area of the district. It limits to the north, with the historic centre of Lima; to the east, with La Victoria; to the south, with Lince; and to the west, with Jesús Mar ...
, a middle-class Lima neighborhood, and then moved to Miraflores, residing in the neighborhood of Santa Cruz, close to
Huaca Pucllana Huaca Pucllana or Huaca Juliana (possibly from Quechua ''wak'a'' a local shrine to a protector deity, a sacred place, sacred, ''pukllana'' game) is a great adobe and clay pyramid located in the Miraflores district of central Lima, Peru, buil ...
. He went to school in the Champagnat School of Miraflores. He was deeply affected by the death of his father which also created a dire economic situation for his family. Later, he studied Arts and Law at the
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (, PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru. It was founded in 1917 with the support and approval of the Catholic church, being the oldest private institution of higher learning in the country. The Peru ...
, between 1946 and 1952, where he met Pablo Macera, Alberto Escobar and Luis Felipe Angell "Sofocleto" among other youth with intellectual and artistic interests. He began his writing career with the short story ''The Grey Life'' which was published in the magazine ''Correo Bolivariano'' in 1948. In 1952 he won a journalism fellowship awarded by the Institute of Hispanic Culture, which allowed him to travel to Spain.


First trip to Europe (1952–1958)

He traveled by ship to
Barcelona Barcelona ( ; ; ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...
and from there went to
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
, where he spent a year and studied at the Complutense University in that city. He also wrote some short stories and articles. By the end of his fellowship in 1953, he traveled to Paris to prepare a thesis on French literature at the Sorbonne University. By then he had written his first book ''Los gallinazos sin plumas'' (The featherless buzzards), a collection of short stories on urban issues, regarded as one of his most successful pieces of narrative writing. There, he decided to drop out and remained in Europe doing odd jobs, alternating his stay in France with brief periods in Germany and Belgium. It was in
Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...
between 1954 and 1956, where he wrote his first novel, ''Chronicle of San Gabriel''. He returned to Paris and then traveled to Antwerp in 1957, where he worked in a factory of photography products. In 1958, he returned to Germany and spent some time in Berlin, Hamburg and Frankfurt. During his European stay he had to take on many trades to survive, including those of newspapers recycling, concierge, loader on the subway, seller of printing materials, among others. He returned to Lima in 1958. He was appointed as a professor at the National University of San Cristobal de Huamanga in Ayacucho, and instigated the creation of the Institute for Popular Culture, in 1959. In 1960 he published his novel Chronicle of San Gabriel, which earned him the National Novel Prize that year.


Second trip to Europe (1961)

In 1961, he returned to Paris, where he worked as a journalist for ten years, Agence France Press. He was also cultural attache at the Peruvian Embassy in Paris, and was also a cultural consultant and ambassador of Peru to UNESCO. He married Alida Cordero and they had one child. In 1973, underwent his first operation for lung cancer, caused by his addiction to cigarettes, as a result of which he received a long treatment. Inspired by this experience, he wrote a book entitled ''Only For Smokers''. In 1983, he received the National Book Award, and ten years later, the National Culture.


Final years

Generous with his friends and with young writers, Ribeyro never had enemies and was always very appreciated by his contemporaries. After being confirmed as ambassador to Unesco in the late 1980s, he had a very rough verbal exchange with fellow Peruvian and friend
Mario Vargas Llosa Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa (28 March 1936 – 13 April 2025) was a Peruvian novelist, journalist, essayist and politician. Vargas Llosa was one of the most significant Latin American novelists and essayists a ...
, regarding the political debate in Peru around the proposed nationalization of banks by the first presidential term of
Alan García Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the American Popula ...
government, which divided public opinion in the country. Ribeyro criticized Vargas Llosa for supporting the conservative sectors of the country, which according to him meant he was opposing the emergence of the popular classes. Vargas Llosa answered in his memoir A Fish in the Water (1993), by pointing out what he considered Ribeyro's lack of consistency, which made him appear subservient to every single government so as to maintain his diplomatic appointment in Unesco. However, apart from this embarrassing episode, Vargas Llosa has consistently praised the literary work of Ribeyro, whom he considers as one of the great storytellers in Spanish. The relationship between the two authors, who shared a flat in Paris, was otherwise complex and full of mysteries. His last years were spent traveling between Europe and Peru. In the last year of his life he had decided to remain definitely in his homeland in Peru. He died on 4 December 1994, days after getting the Juan Rulfo Prize for Literature. In 2019, to celebrate the 90th anniversary of Julio Ramón Ribeyro’s birth, the literary magazine of the
University of Oklahoma The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a Public university, public research university in Norman, Oklahoma, United States. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two territories became the ...
published a dossier titled Julio Ramón Ribeyro. The dossier includes texts by Peruvian writer
Fernando Ampuero Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, and former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa and Asia (like the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka). It is e ...
, the author’s official biographer Jorge Coaguila, Dr. Paloma Torres, and Peruvian writer
Gunter Silva Passuni Gunter Silva (born 1977) is a Peruvian writer. Early life Gunter Silva Passuni was born in 1977 in La Merced, Peru. He studied Law at the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa. He also holds an MA in Literature and Creative Writing aw ...
.


Bibliography


Short Books

* 1955: ''Los gallinazos sin plumas''. Eight short stories: “Los gallinazos sin plumas”, “Interior «L»”, “Mar afuera”, “Mientras arde la vela”, “En la comisaría”, “La tela de araña”, “El primer paso” and “Junta de acreedores”. * 1958: ''Cuentos de circunstancias''. Twelve short stories: “La insignia”, “El banquete”, “Doblaje”, “El libro en blanco”, “La molicie”, “La botella de chicha”, “Explicaciones a un cabo de servicio”, “Página de un diario”, “Los eucaliptos”, “Scorpio”, “Los merengues” and “El tonel de aceite”. * 1964: ''Las botellas y los hombres''. Ten short stories: “Las botellas y los hombres”, “Los moribundos”, “La piel de un indio no cuesta caro”, “Por las azoteas”, “Dirección equivocada”, “El profesor suplente”, “El jefe”, “Una aventura nocturna”, “Vaquita echada” and “De color modesto”. * 1964: ''Tres historias sublevantes''. Three short stories: “Al pie del acantilado”, “El chaco” and “Fénix”. * 1972: ''Los cautivos''. Twelve short stories: “Te querré eternamente”, “Bárbara”, “La piedra que gira”, “Ridder y el pisapapeles”, “Los cautivos”, “Nada que hacer, monsieur Baruch”, “La estación del diablo amarillo”, “La primera nevada”, “Los españoles”, “Papeles pintados”, “Agua ramera”, “Las cosas andan mal” and “Carmelo Rosa”. * 1972: ''El próximo mes me nivelo''. Nine short stories: “Una medalla para Virginia”, “Un domingo cualquiera”, “Espumante en el sótano”, “Noche cálida y sin viento”, “Los predicadores”, “Los jacarandás”, “Sobre los modos de ganar la guerra”, “El próximo mes me nivelo” and “El ropero, los viejos y la muerte”. * 1974…2010: ''La palabra del mudo''. Short stories compilation. It has been published many times; the last one from the publisher Seix-Barral, in two volumes for Perú (2009) and one for Spain (2010), which besides all the compiled stories, includes six forgotten stories (“La vida gris”, “La huella”, “El cuarto sin numerar”, “La careta”, “La encrucijada” and “El caudillo”), three unknown stories (“Los huaqueros”, “El Abominable” and “Juegos en la infancia”) and an unpublished one (“Surf”). * 1977: ''Silvio en El Rosedal''. Fifteen: “Terra incognita”, “El polvo del saber”, “Tristes querellas en la vieja quinta”, “Cosas de machos”, “Almuerzo en el club”, “Alienación”, “La señorita Fabiola”, “El marqués y los gavilanes”, “Demetrio”, “Silvio en El Rosedal”, “Sobre las olas”, “El embarcadero de la esquina”, “Cuando no sea más que sombra”, “El carrusel” and “La juventud en la otra ribera”. * 1987: ''Sólo para fumadores''. Eight stories: “Solo para fumadores”, “Ausente por tiempo indefinido”, “Té literario”, “La solución”, “Escena de caza”, “Conversación en el parque”, “Nuit caprense cirius illuminata” and “La casa en la playa”. * 1992: ''Relatos santacrucinos''. Ten stories: “Mayo 1940”, “Cacos y canes”, “Las tres gracias”, “El señor Campana y su hija Perlita”, “El sargento Canchuca”, “Mariposas y cornetas”, “Atiguibas”, “La música, el maestro Berenson y un servidor”, “Tía Clementina” and “Los otros”.


Novel

* 1960: ''Crónica de San Gabriel''. National Novel Prize in the same year. * 1965: ''Los geniecillos dominicales''. Novel Prize from the newspaper ''Expreso''(Perú). * 1976: ''Cambio de guardia''.


Theatre

* 1975: ''Santiago, el Pajarero''. Theater play based on Flying Santiago, character from ''
Peruvian traditions (Ricardo Palma) ''Peruvian Traditions'' () is a compendium of some of the writings of the Peruvian writer Ricardo Palma. Introduction The writings, which are collectively known as the ''Tradiciones'', started appearing in 1863 in newspapers and magazines. They a ...
'' from
Ricardo Palma Manuel Ricardo Palma Soriano (February 7, 1833 – October 6, 1919) was a Peruvian author, scholar, librarian and politician. His magnum opus is the '' Tradiciones peruanas''. Biography According to the official account, Manuel Ricardo Pa ...
* 1981: ''Atusparia''


Other genres

* 1975: ''La caza sutil'' (Essays). * 1975: ''Prosas apátridas'' (Unclassified). * 1989: ''Dichos de Luder'' (Unclassified). * 1992–1995: ''La tentación del fracaso'' (Journals)."Diario de un escritor fracasado: las tentaciones de Julio Ramón Ribeyro". Estudio crítico de Ana Gallego Cuiñas
Pdf
/ref> * 1996–1998: ''Cartas a Juan Antonio'' (Correspondence).


Awards

*Premio Nacional de Novela (1960) *Premio de Novela del diario ''Expreso'' (1963) *Premio Nacional de Literatura (1983) *Premio Nacional de Cultura (1993) *Premio Juan Rulfo de Literatura Latinoamericana (1994)


References


External links


Portrait of Julio Ramón Ribeyro
by Braun-Vega (1978)


See also

*
Peruvian literature The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of Peru, but also to literature produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the country's colonial period, and to oral tradition, oral artistic forms c ...
*
List of Peruvian writers This is a list of Peruvian literature, Peruvian literary figures, including poets, novelists, children's writers, essayists, and scholars. * Martín Adán (1908–1985), poet * Katya Adaui (born 1977), novelist * Daniel Alarcón (born 1977), novel ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribeyro, Julio Ramon 1929 births 1994 deaths Writers from Lima Peruvian male writers Peruvian people of Portuguese descent Peruvian male short story writers Permanent delegates of Peru to UNESCO