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Julia Strudwick Tutwiler (August 15, 1841 – March 24, 1916) was an advocate for
education Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education als ...
and
prison reform Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, reduce recidivism or implement alternatives to incarceration. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are ...
in
Alabama Alabama ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South, Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gu ...
. She served as co-principal of the Livingston Female Academy, and then the first (and only) woman president of Livingston Normal College (now the
University of West Alabama The University of West Alabama (UWA) is a public university in Livingston, Alabama, United States. Founded in 1835, the school began as a church-supported school for young women called "Livingston Female Academy". The university serves students ...
). She was inducted into the
Alabama Women's Hall of Fame The Alabama Women's Hall of Fame honors the achievements of women associated with the U.S. state of Alabama. Established in 1970, the first women were inducted the following year. The Hall of Fame was originally located on the campus of Judson Co ...
in 1971.


Early life and education

Julia Tutwiler was born in
Tuscaloosa, Alabama Tuscaloosa ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, Tuscaloosa County in west-central Alabama, United States, on the Black Warrior River where the Gulf Coastal Plain, Gulf Coastal and Piedmont (United States), Piedm ...
to Julia (Ashe) Tutwiler and educator Henry Tutwiler on August 15, 1841. Henry had been one of the first professors at the
University of Alabama The University of Alabama (informally known as Alabama, UA, the Capstone, or Bama) is a Public university, public research university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. Established in 1820 and opened to students in 1831, the University of ...
in the early 1830s, but at the time of his daughter's birth he was teaching at La Grange College in
Colbert County, Alabama Colbert County () is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census the county's population was 57,227. The county seat is Tuscumbia. The largest city is Muscle Shoals. The county is named ...
. Julia was born in Tuscaloosa, because her mother was visiting family there. She grew up in the nearby community of Havana, Alabama where her father established Greene Springs School, a
college-preparatory school A college-preparatory school (often shortened to prep school, preparatory school, college prep school or college prep academy) is a type of secondary school. The term refers to state school, public, Independent school, private independent or p ...
, when she was almost six. Henry Tutwiler was an early advocate of education for girls and so his daughters and some neighboring girls attended classes with boys at Greene Springs School. Julia then went on to study at a boarding school in
Philadelphia Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
for two years before the outbreak of the
Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
in 1861 necessitated she return to Alabama. (Henry Tutwiler's progressive views did not extend to enslaved persons and at the start of the War he was reported to own more than 40 slaves.) Julia Tutwiler began attending
Vassar College Vassar College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. Founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, it was the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the United States. The college be ...
, in January 1866, during its inaugural year, but did not return in the fall. She furthered her education in
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
,
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
and at
Washington and Lee University Washington and Lee University (Washington and Lee or W&L) is a Private college, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia, United States. Established in 1749 as Augusta Academy, it is among ...
.


Career

After her semester at Vassar, Tutwiler accepted a faculty position at Greensboro Female Academy,
Greensboro, Alabama Greensboro is a city in Hale County, Alabama, Hale County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 United States Census, 2010 census the population was 2,497, down from 2,731 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Hale County, Alabama, ...
, in the autumn of 1866. The following year, she was chosen to be the Academy's principala position she held for two years. Tutwiler served with her uncle as co-president of Livingston State Normal School. She was the first (and only) female president of the college. After decades of expansion, it became the University of West Alabama. With her support, in 1892 ten Livingston-educated students became the first women admitted to the
University of Alabama The University of Alabama (informally known as Alabama, UA, the Capstone, or Bama) is a Public university, public research university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. Established in 1820 and opened to students in 1831, the University of ...
. She was called the "mother of co-education in Alabama". She was a key figure in the creation of the Alabama Girls' Industrial School, in October 1896. This institution eventually evolved into the
University of Montevallo A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...
.


Prison reform

Known as the "angel of the prisons," Tutwiler pushed for many reforms of the Alabama penal system. Most significantly, she fought to separate female prisoners from male ones and to separate juveniles from hardened adult criminals—resulting in the first Boys' Industrial School. In addition, she demanded better prison sanitation and helped institute educational and religious opportunities for prisoners. As a consequence of her advocacy, the
Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women The Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women is a prison for women of the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC), located in Wetumpka, Alabama named after prison reform activist Julia Tutwiler. All female inmates entering ADOC are sent to the receivi ...
in
Wetumpka, Alabama Wetumpka () is a city in and the county seat of Elmore County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 7,220. In the early 21st century, Elmore County became one of the fastest-growing counties in the state. The city i ...
was named in her honor.Tutwiler Prison for Women
"
Alabama Department of Corrections The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is the agency responsible for incarceration of convicted felons in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is headquartered in the Alabama Criminal Justice Center in Montgomery. Alabama has re ...
. Retrieved on September 5, 2010.
For a period the Wetumpka State Penitentiary had been renamed after Tutwiler, prior to the opening of the current Tutwiler prison.ADOC History
."
Alabama Department of Corrections The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is the agency responsible for incarceration of convicted felons in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is headquartered in the Alabama Criminal Justice Center in Montgomery. Alabama has re ...
. Retrieved on September 6, 2010.


Alabama state song

Tutwiler was known as a poet and wrote the lyrics for "Alabama", the state song, which was officially adopted in 1931. According to the
Alabama Department of Archives and History The Alabama Department of Archives and History is the official repository of archival records for the U.S. state of Alabama. Under the direction of Thomas M. Owen its founder, the agency received state funding by an act of the Alabama Legislatu ...
, "The inspiration for writing the poem 'Alabama' came to Julia Tutwiler after she returned to her native state from Germany where she had been studying new educational methods for girls and women".Official Alabama State Song
at www.archives.state.al.us
The song begins:
Alabama, Alabama,
We will aye be true to thee,
From thy Southern shore where groweth,
By the sea thine orange tree.
To thy Northern vale where floweth
Deep and blue thy Tennessee.
Alabama, Alabama
We will aye be true to thee!


Honors

The
Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women The Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women is a prison for women of the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC), located in Wetumpka, Alabama named after prison reform activist Julia Tutwiler. All female inmates entering ADOC are sent to the receivi ...
in
Wetumpka, Alabama Wetumpka () is a city in and the county seat of Elmore County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 7,220. In the early 21st century, Elmore County became one of the fastest-growing counties in the state. The city i ...
is named after her. In addition, a large women's dormitory at the University of Alabama and a library at
University of West Alabama The University of West Alabama (UWA) is a public university in Livingston, Alabama, United States. Founded in 1835, the school began as a church-supported school for young women called "Livingston Female Academy". The university serves students ...
bore her name, though it was demolished in 2022. A new dormitory and parking structure, on the Alabama campus and still bearing her name, were built shortly thereafter. When Judson College in
Marion, Alabama Marion is a city in and the county seat of Perry County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 3,686, up 4.8% over 2000. First known as Muckle Ridge, the city was renamed for a hero of the American Revolut ...
, established the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1970, Tutwiler was among the first group of inductees.


Notes


References

*Pannell, Anne Gary, and Dorothea E. Wyatt. ''Julia S. Tutwiler and Social Progress in Alabama''. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1961.


Further reading

* Hargrove, Henry Lee. ''Julia S. Tutwiler of Alabama''. N.p.: n.p., 1916. * Kunkel, Robert Raymond. "A Rhetorical Analysis of Julia Strudwick Tutwiler's Reform Speeches: 1880-1900." Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, 1978. * Lyon, Ralph M. ''Julia Tutwiler''. Livingston, Ala.: Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Regional Planning and Development Commission, 1976. * Moore, Eoline Wallace. ''Julia Tutwiler, Teacher''. Birmingham: Birmingham-Southern College, 1934. * Pannell, Anne Gary, and Dorothea E. Wyatt. ''Julia S. Tutwiler and Social Progress in Alabama''. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.


External links

*
Julia Strudwick Tutwiler (1841-1916)
- Alabama Women's Hall of Fame.

- Alabama Department of Archives and History.

- Alabama Department of Archives and History
Julia Tutwiler article, Encyclopedia of Alabama

Martha Young Papers, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tutwiler, Julia 1841 births 1916 deaths People from Hale County, Alabama University of Alabama people Vassar College alumni Washington and Lee University alumni University of West Alabama University of Montevallo American women poets Writers from Alabama American educators 19th-century American poets 19th-century American women writers Suffragists from Alabama