Fresco - Wall Fragment with the Judgment of Paris

The Judgement of Paris is a story from

Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...

, which was one of the events that led up to the

Trojan War The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the twelfth or thirteenth century BC. The war was waged by the Achaeans (Homer), Achaeans (Ancient Greece, Greeks) against the city of Troy after Paris (mytho ...

, and in later versions to the foundation of

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

. Eris, the goddess of discord, was not invited to the wedding of

Peleus In Greek mythology, Peleus (; Ancient Greek: Πηλεύς ''Pēleus'') was a hero, king of Phthia, husband of Thetis and the father of their son Achilles. This myth was already known to the hearers of Homer in the late 8th century BC. Biogra ...

and

Thetis Thetis ( , or ; ) is a figure from Greek mythology with varying mythological roles. She mainly appears as a sea nymph, a goddess of water, and one of the 50 Nereids, daughters of the ancient sea god Nereus. When described as a Nereid in Cl ...

. In revenge, she brought a

golden apple The golden apple is an element that appears in various legends that depict a hero (for example Hercules or Făt-Frumos) retrieving the golden apples hidden or stolen by an antagonist. Gold apples also appear on the Silver Branch of the Otherwor ...

, inscribed, "To the fairest one", which she threw into the wedding. Three guests,

Hera In ancient Greek religion, Hera (; ; in Ionic Greek, Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of marriage, women, and family, and the protector of women during childbirth. In Greek mythology, she is queen of the twelve Olympians and Mount Oly ...

Athena Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek religion, ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretism, syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarde ...

and

Aphrodite Aphrodite (, ) is an Greek mythology, ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretism, syncretised Roman counterpart , desire, Sexual intercourse, sex, fertility, prosperity, and ...

, after some disputation, agreed to have Paris of Troy choose the fairest one. Paris chose Aphrodite, she having

bribe Bribery is the corrupt solicitation, payment, or acceptance of a private favor (a bribe) in exchange for official action. The purpose of a bribe is to influence the actions of the recipient, a person in charge of an official duty, to act contrar ...

d him with the most beautiful mortal woman in the world, Helen of Sparta, wife of

Menelaus In Greek mythology, Menelaus (; ) was a Greek king of Mycenaean (pre- Dorian) Sparta. According to the ''Iliad'', the Trojan war began as a result of Menelaus's wife, Helen, fleeing to Troy with the Trojan prince Paris. Menelaus was a central ...

. Consequently, Paris carried Helen off to

Troy Troy (/; ; ) or Ilion (; ) was an ancient city located in present-day Hisarlik, Turkey. It is best known as the setting for the Greek mythology, Greek myth of the Trojan War. The archaeological site is open to the public as a tourist destina ...

, and the Greeks invaded Troy for Helen's return. Eris's Apple of Discord was thus the instrumental ''

casus belli A (; ) is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war. A ''casus belli'' involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a ' involves offenses or threats against its ally—usually one bou ...

'' (or her not being invited to the wedding in the first place) of the Trojan War.

Sources of the episode

As with many mythological tales, details vary depending on the source. The brief allusion to the Judgement in the ''

Iliad The ''Iliad'' (; , ; ) is one of two major Ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the ''Odyssey'', the poem is divided into 24 books and ...

'' (24.25–30) shows that the episode initiating all the subsequent action was already familiar to its audience; a fuller version was told in the ''

Cypria The ''Cypria'' (; ; ) is a lost epic poem of ancient Greek literature, which has been attributed to Stasinus and was quite well known in classical antiquity and fixed in a received text, but which subsequently was lost to view. It was part of ...

'', a lost work of the

Epic Cycle The Epic Cycle () was a collection of Ancient Greek epic poems, composed in dactylic hexameter and related to the story of the Trojan War, including the '' Cypria'', the ''Aethiopis'', the so-called '' Little Iliad'', the '' Iliupersis'', the ' ...

, of which only fragments (and a reliable summary) remain. The later writers

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...

(''Heroides'' 16.71ff, 149–152 and 5.35f),

Lucian Lucian of Samosata (Λουκιανὸς ὁ Σαμοσατεύς, 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer who is best known for his characteristic tongue-in-cheek style, with which he frequently ridi ...

(''Dialogues of the Gods'' 20),

Pseudo-Apollodorus The ''Bibliotheca'' (Ancient Greek: ), is a compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends, genealogical tables and histories arranged in three books, generally dated to the first or second century AD. The work is commonly described as having been ...

('' Bibliotheca'', E.3.2) and Hyginus (''Fabulae'' 92), retell the story with skeptical, ironic or popularizing agendas. It appeared wordlessly on the ivory and gold votive chest of the 7th-century BC tyrant

Cypselus Cypselus (, ''Kypselos'') was the first tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BC. With increased wealth and more complicated trade relations and social structures, Greek city-states tended to overthrow their traditional hereditary priest-kings; ...

at Olympia, which was described by Pausanias as showing: The subject was favoured by ancient Greek vase painters as early as the sixth century BC, and remained popular in Greek and Roman art, before enjoying a significant revival as an opportunity to show three female nudes, in the

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...

Mythic narrative

Golden Apple of Discord by Jacob Jordaens

It is recounted that

Zeus Zeus (, ) is the chief deity of the List of Greek deities, Greek pantheon. He is a sky father, sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is the child ...

held a banquet in celebration of the

marriage Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognised union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children (if any), and b ...

and

(parents of

Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in Homer's ''Iliad'', he was the son of the Nereids, Nereid Thetis and Peleus, ...

). However, Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited, for it was believed she would have made the party unpleasant for everyone. Angered by this snub, Eris arrived at the celebration with a

from the Garden of the Hesperides, which she threw into the proceedings as a prize of beauty. According to some later versions, upon the apple was the inscription ''καλλίστῃ'' (''kallistēi'', "To/for the fairest one"). Three goddesses claimed the apple:

and

. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was fairest, and eventually he, reluctant to favour any claim himself, declared that

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

, a Trojan mortal, would judge their cases, for he had recently shown his exemplary fairness in a contest in which

Ares Ares (; , ''Árēs'' ) is the List of Greek deities, Greek god of war god, war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for ...

in bull form had bested Paris's own prize bull, and the shepherd-prince had unhesitatingly awarded the prize to the god. The Judgement of Paris

With

Hermes Hermes (; ) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology considered the herald of the gods. He is also widely considered the protector of human heralds, travelers, thieves, merchants, and orators. He is able to move quic ...

as their guide, the three candidates bathed in the spring of Ida, then met Paris on Mount Ida. While Paris inspected them, each attempted with her powers to bribe him; Hera offered to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena offered wisdom and skill in war, and Aphrodite, who had the

Charites In Greek mythology, the Charites (; ), singular Charis (), also called the Graces, are goddesses who personify beauty and grace. According to Hesiod, the Charites were Aglaia (Grace), Aglaea, Euphrosyne, and Thalia (Grace), Thalia, who were the ...

and the Horai to enhance her charms with flowers and song (according to a fragment of the ''Cypria'' quoted by Athenagoras of Athens), offered the world's most beautiful woman (

Euripides Euripides () was a Greek tragedy, tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to ...

, ''Andromache'', l.284, ''Helena'' l. 676). This was Helen of

Sparta Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement in the Evrotas Valley, valley of Evrotas (river), Evrotas rive ...

, wife of the Greek king

. Paris accepted Aphrodite's bribe and awarded the apple to her, receiving Helen as well as the enmity of the Greeks and especially of Hera. The Greeks' expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in

is the mythological basis of the

. According to some stories,

Helen of Troy Helen (), also known as Helen of Troy, or Helen of Sparta, and in Latin as Helena, was a figure in Greek mythology said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She was believed to have been the daughter of Zeus and Leda (mythology), ...

was kidnapped by Paris and a group of Trojans; in others, she simply followed Paris willingly because she felt affection for him, too. According to a tradition suggested by Alfred J. Van Windekens, "cow-eyed" Hera was indeed the most beautiful, before Aphrodite showed up. However, Hera was the goddess of the marital order and of cuckolded wives, amongst other things. She was often portrayed as the shrewish, jealous wife of Zeus, who himself often escaped from her controlling ways by cheating on her with other women, mortal and immortal. She had fidelity and chastity in mind and was careful to be modest when Paris was inspecting her. Aphrodite was the goddess of

sexuality Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually. This involves biological, psychological, physical, erotic, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. Because it is a broad term, which has varied ...

, and was effortlessly more sexual and charming than any goddess. Thus, she was able to sway Paris into judging her as the fairest. Athena's beauty is rarely commented on in the myths, perhaps because Greeks held her up as an asexual being, able to "overcome" her "womanly weaknesses" to become both wise and talented in war (both considered male domains by the Greeks). Her rage at losing makes her join the Greeks in the battle against Paris's Trojans, a key event in the turning point of the war.

In art

Lucas Cranach the Elder - Judgment of Paris

The subject became popular in art from the late

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

onwards. All three goddesses were usually shown nude, though in ancient art only Aphrodite is ever unclothed, and not always. The opportunity for three female nudes was a large part of the attraction of the subject, commonly being used to allow a full appreciation of the female body by painting the goddesses from three different angles (often front, back, and side view). It appeared in

illuminated manuscript An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared manuscript, document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as marginalia, borders and Miniature (illuminated manuscript), miniature illustrations. Often used in the Roman Catholic Churc ...

s and was popular in decorative art, including 15th-century Italian inkstands and other works in maiolica, and '' cassoni''. As a subject for easel paintings, it was more common in Northern Europe, although Marcantonio Raimondi's

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ar ...

of c. 1515, probably based on a drawing by

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael ( , ), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of paintings by Raphael, His work is admired for its cl ...

, and using a composition derived from a Roman

sarcophagus A sarcophagus (: sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. The word ''sarcophagus'' comes from the Greek language, Greek wikt:σάρξ, σάρξ ...

, was a highly influential treatment, which made Paris's

Phrygian cap The Phrygian cap ( ), also known as Thracian cap and liberty cap, is a soft Pointed hat, conical Hat, cap with the apex bent over, associated in Classical antiquity, antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe, Anatolia, and Asia. The Phry ...

an attribute in most later versions. The subject was painted many (supposedly 23) times by

Lucas Cranach the Elder Lucas Cranach the Elder ( ; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German ...

, and was especially attractive to Northern Mannerist painters.

Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( ; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of clas ...

painted several compositions of the subject at different points in his career. Watteau and

Angelica Kauffman Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann ( ; 30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807), usually known in English as Angelica Kauffman, was a Swiss people, Swiss Neoclassicism, Neoclassical painter who had a successful career in London and Rome. Remembered prima ...

were among the artists who painted the subject in the 18th century. The Judgement of Paris was painted frequently by

academic art Academic art, academicism, or academism, is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art. This method extended its influence throughout the Western world over several centuries, from its origins i ...

ists of the 19th century, and less often by their more progressive contemporaries such as Renoir and Cézanne. Later artists who have painted the subject include André Lhote,

Enrique Simonet Enrique Simonet Lombardo (February 2, 1866 – April 20, 1927) was a Spanish Painting, painter. Early life Simonet was born in Valencia, Spain, Valencia. His first vocation of childhood was religious studies, but he abandoned it to devote hi ...

('' El Juicio de Paris'' 1904), and

Salvador Dalí Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol (11 May 190423 January 1989), known as Salvador Dalí ( ; ; ), was a Spanish Surrealism, surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, ...

. Ivo Saliger (1939), Adolf Ziegler (1939), and Joseph Thorak (1941) also used the classic myth to propagate German renewal during the Nazi period.

In other media

The story is the basis of an opera, '' The Judgement of Paris'', with a

libretto A libretto (From the Italian word , ) is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or Musical theatre, musical. The term ''libretto'' is also sometimes used to refer to th ...

by William Congreve, that was set to music by four composers in London, 1700–1701. Thomas Arne composed a highly successful score to the same libretto in 1742. The opera '' Le Cinesi'' (''The Chinese Women'') by

Christoph Willibald Gluck Christoph Willibald (Ritter von) Gluck (; ; 2 July 1714 – 15 November 1787) was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period (music), classical period. Born in the Upper Palatinate and raised in Bohemia, both part of th ...

(1754) concludes with a ballet, ''The Judgement of Paris'', sung as a vocal quartet. Francesco Cilea's 1902 opera '' Adriana Lecouvreur'' also includes a ''Judgement of Paris'' ballet sequence. The story is the basis of an earlier opera, '' Il pomo d'oro'', in a prologue and five acts by the Italian composer Antonio Cesti, with a libretto by Francesco Sbarra (1611–1668).

In Discordianism

''Kallistēi'' is the word of the ancient Greek language inscribed on Eris's Apple of Discord. In Greek, the word is ''καλλίστῃ'' (the

dative In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated , or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink". In this exampl ...

singular Singular may refer to: * Singular, the grammatical number that denotes a unit quantity, as opposed to the plural and other forms * Singular or sounder, a group of boar, see List of animal names * Singular (band), a Thai jazz pop duo *'' Singula ...

of the

feminine Femininity (also called womanliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and Gender roles, roles generally associated with women and girls. Femininity can be understood as Social construction of gender, socially constructed, and there is also s ...

superlative The degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs are the various forms taken by adjectives and adverbs when used to compare two entities (comparative degree), three or more entities (superlative degree), or when not comparing entities (positi ...

of καλος, beautiful). Its meaning can be rendered "to the fairest one". ''Calliste'' (Καλλίστη; Mod. Gk. ''Kallisti'') is also an ancient name for the isle of Thera. The word ''Kallisti'' (Modern Greek) written on a golden apple, has become a principal symbol of Discordianism, a post-modernist religion. In non-

philological Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...

texts (such as Discordian ones) the word is usually spelled as ''καλλιστι''. Most versions of ''

Principia Discordia The ''Principia Discordia'' is the first published Discordianism, Discordian religious text. It was written by Greg Hill (Malaclypse the Younger) with Kerry Wendell Thornley (Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) and others. The first edition was printed ...

'' actually spell it as καλλιχτι, but this is definitely incorrect; in the afterword of the 1979 Loompanics edition of ''Principia'', Gregory Hill says that was because on the IBM typewriter he used, not all

Greek letters The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and is the earliest known alphabetic script to systematically write vowels as we ...

coincided with

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

ones, and he didn't know enough of the letters to spot the mistake. Zeus's failure to invite Eris is referred to as ''The Original Snub'' in Discordian mythology.

Classical literature sources

Chronological listing of classical literature sources for The Judgement of Paris, including the Apple of Discord: * Homer, ''Iliad'' 24. 25 ff (trans. Murray) (Greek epic, 8th century BC) * Euripides, ''Iphigenia in Aulis'' 1290 ff (trans. Coleridge) (Greek tragedy, 5th century BC) * Euripides, ''Hecuba'' 629 ff (trans. Coleridge) * Euripides, ''Hecuba'' 669 ff * Euripides, ''The Trojan Women'' 924 ff (trans. Coleridge) * Euripides, ''Helen'' 20 ff (trans. Coleridge) * Euripides, ''Helen'' 675 ff * Euripides, ''Andromache'' 274 ff (trans. Coleridge) * Gorgias, ''The Encomium on Helen'' 5 (''The Classical Weekly'', 15 February 1913, trans. Van Hook p. 123) (Greek philosophy, 5th century BC) * P. Oxy. 663, Cratinus, ''Argument of Cratinus' Dionysalexandrus'' 2. 12–9 (trans. Grenfell & Hunt) (Greek poetry, 5th century BC) * Scholiast on P. Oxy. 663, ''Argument of Cratinus' Dionysalexandrus'' 2. 12–9 (''The Oxyrhynchus Papyri'', trans. Grenfell & Hunt 1904, Vol 4, p. 70) * Isocrates, ''Helen'' 41–52 (trans. Norlin) (Greek philosophy, 4th century BC) * Plato, ''Republic'' 2. 379e ff (trans. Shorey) (Greek philosophy, 4th century BC) * Scholiast on Plato, ''Republic'' 2. 379e ff (''Plato The Republic'' Books I–V, trans. Shorey, Vol. 5, 1937 1930 p. 186) * Aristotle, ''Rhetorica'' 1. 6. 20 ff (trans. Rhys Roberts) (Greek philosophy, 4th century BC) * Aristotle, ''Rhetorica'' 2. 23. 12 ff * Xenophon, ''Banquet'' (or ''Symposium'') 4. 19. 20 ff (trans. Brownson) (Greek philosophy, 4th century BC) * Lycophron, ''Alexandria'' 93 ff, (trans. A. Mair) (Greek epic, 3rd century BC) * Scholiast on ''Alexandria'' 93 ff (''Callimachus and Lycophron'', trans. A. Mair; ''Aratus'', trans. G. Mair, 1921, p. 501) * Callimachus, ''Hymn'' 5. 17 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet, 3rd century BC) * Herodas, ''Mime'' 1. 35 (trans. Headlam ed. Knox) (Greek poetry, 3rd century BC) * Catullus, ''The Poems of Catullus'' 61. 17 (trans. Cornish) (Latin poetry, 1st century BC) * Diodorus Siculus, ''Library of History'' 17. 7. 4 ff (trans. Oldfather) (Greek history, 1st century BC) * Scholiast on Diodorus Siculus, ''Library of History'' 17. 7. 4 ff (Diodorus of Sicily, trans. Oldfather, 1963, Vol. 8, pp. 135) * Horace, ''Carminum'' 3. 3. 19 (trans. Bennett) (Roman lyric poetry, 1st century BC) * Scholiast on Horace, ''Carminum'' 3. 3. 19 (''Horace Odes and Erodes'' trans. Bennett 1901 p. 312) * Cicero, ''The Letters to his Friends'' 1. 9. 13 ff (trans. Williams) (Roman epigram, 1st century BC) * Ovid, ''Heroides'' 16. 137 (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry 1st century BC to 1st century AD) * Ovid, ''Heroides'' 17. 115 ff * Ovid, ''Fasti'' 4. 120 ff (trans. Frazer) (Roman epic, 1st century BC to 1st century AD) * Ovid, ''Fasti'' 6. 44 ff * Strabo, ''Geography'' 13. 1. 51 (trans. Jones) (Greek geography, 1st century BC to 1st century AD) * Lucan, ''Pharsalia'' 9. 971 ff (trans. Riley) (Roman poetry, 1st century AD) * Scholiast on Lucan, ''Pharsalia'' 9. 971 (''The Pharsalia of Lucan'', Riley, 1853, p. 378) * Petronius, ''Satyricon'' 138 ff (trans. Heseltine) (Roman satire, 1st century AD) * Scholiast on Petronius, ''Satyricon'' 138 ff (''Petronius and Seneca Apocolocyntosis'' trans. Heseltine & Rouse 1925 p. 318) * Pliny, ''Natural History'' 34. 19. 77 ff (trans. Rackham) (Roman history, 1st century AD) * Lucian, ''The Carousal, or The Lapiths'' 35 ff (trans. Harmon) (Assyrian satire, 2nd century AD) * Lucian, ''The Judgement of the Goddesses'' 1–16 (end) (trans. Harmon) (Assyrian satire, 2nd century AD) * Lucian, ''The Dance'' 45 ff (trans. Harmon) * Lucian, ''Dialogues of the Sea-Gods'' 301 ff (trans. Harmon) * Pseudo-Lucian, ''Charidemus'' 10 ff (trans. Macleod) * Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Epitome'' 3. 3 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythography, 2nd century AD) * Scholiast on Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Epitome'' 3. 3 (''Apollodorus The Library'', trans. Frazer, 1921, Vol. 2, pp. 172–73) * Pseudo-Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 92 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythography, 2nd century AD) * Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 3. 18. 12 ff (trans. Frazer) (Greek travelogue, 2nd century AD) * Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 5. 19. 5 ff * Apuleius, ''The Golden Ass'' 4. 30 ff (trans. Adlington & Gaselee) (Latin prose, 2nd century AD) * Apuleius, ''The Golden Ass'' 10. 30–33 (trans. Adlington & Gaselee) * Longus, ''Daphnis and Chloe'' Book 3 (The Athenian Society's Publications IV: ''Longus'' 1896 p. 108) (Greek romance, 2nd century AD) * P. Oxy. 1231, Sappho, Book 1 Fragment 1. 13 ff (''The Oxyrhynchus Papyri'', trans. Grenfell & Hunt, 1914, Vol. 10, p. 40) (Greek poetry, 2nd century AD) * Clement of Alexandria, ''Exhortation to the Greeks'' 2. 29 P. ff (trans. Butterworth) (Christian philosophy, 2nd to 3rd centuries AD) * Tertullian, ''Apologeticus'' 15. 15 ff (trans. Souter & Mayor) (Christian philosophy C2nd to C3rd centuries AD) * Athenaeus, ''Banquet of the Learned'' 12. 2 (trans. Yonge) (Greek rhetoric, 2nd to 3rd AD) * Psudeo-Proclus, ''Cypria'' (''Hesiod the Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' trans. Evelyn-White pp. 488–91) (2nd to 5th centuries AD) * Colluthus, ''The Rape of Helen'' 59–210 (trans. Mair) (Greek epic, 5th to 6th centuries AD) * Scholiast on Colluthus, ''The Rape of Helen'' 59 ff (''Oppian Colluthus Tryphiodorus'', trans. Mair, 1928, pp. 546–47) * Servius, ''Servius In Vergilii Aeneidos'' 1. 27 ff (trans. Thilo) (Greek commentary, 4th to 11th centuries AD) * First Vatican Mythographer, ''Scriptores rerum mythicarum'' 208 (ed. Bode) (Greek and Roman mythography 9th AD to 11th centuries AD) * Second Vatican Mythographer, ''Scriptores rerum mythicarum'' 205 (ed. Bode) (Greek and Roman mythography 11th century AD) * Tzetzes, ''Scholia on Lycophron'' ''Cassandra'' (or ''Alexandria'') 93 (''Scholia on Lycophron'', ed. Müller, 1811, p. 93) (Byzantine commentary, 12th century AD)

Notes

References

Apollodorus Apollodorus ( Greek: Ἀπολλόδωρος ''Apollodoros'') was a popular name in ancient Greece. It is the masculine gender of a noun compounded from Apollo, the deity, and doron, "gift"; that is, "Gift of Apollo." It may refer to: :''Note: A ...

, ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921
Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Bull, Malcolm, ''The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods'', Oxford UP, 2005, . * Kerényi, Carl, ''The Heroes of the Greeks'', Thames and Hudson, London, 1959
Online version at the Internet Archive
* Pausanias, ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918
Online version at the Perseus Digital Library

External links

Full-text of Bulfinch's Mythology
{{Authority control Deeds of Aphrodite Deeds of Athena Deeds of Hera Deeds of Hermes Deeds of Zeus Eris (mythology) Trojan War el:Πάρις#Η «Κρίση του Πάρι»