Juanita Jackson Mitchell
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Juanita Elizabeth Jackson Mitchell (January 2, 1913 – July 7, 1992) was the first
African-American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. ...
woman to practice law in
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
, and was a civil rights activist and organizer with the NAACP.


Early life and education

Mitchell was born in
Hot Springs, Arkansas Hot Springs is a resort city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County, Arkansas, Garland County. The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U.S. Interior Highlands, and is set among several natural hot springs ...
, to Kieffer Albert Jackson and
Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson Lillie May Carroll Jackson (May 25, 1889 – July 5, 1975), pioneer civil rights activist, organizer of the Baltimore branch of the NAACP. Invariably known as "Dr. Lillie", "Ma Jackson", and the "mother of the civil rights movement", Lillie May C ...
. Mitchell's parents were Methodists who had been traveling the country to evangelize, but they soon returned to Baltimore, where they had met, to have a good environment to raise their children. Lillie became a committed civil rights activist after a major medical crisis in 1918, and built the Baltimore
NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du&nbs ...
branch to become one of the organization's most important. She also invested in real estate, which helped support the family. Mitchell attended Frederick Douglass High School,
Morgan State College Morgan State University (Morgan State or MSU) is a public historically black research university in Baltimore, Maryland. It is the largest of Maryland's historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). In 1890, the university, then known a ...
and graduated,
cum laude Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. The system is primarily used in the United States. It is also used in some Sout ...
, from the
University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (Penn or UPenn) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. One of nine colonial colleges, it was chartered in 1755 through the efforts of f ...
with a B.S. in education in 1931. At the university, she successfully organized desegregation of the school's dormitories. That year she also founded and became president of the City-Wide Young People's Forum of Baltimore, a weekly church meeting that organized hundreds of youth across different religious branches and re-energized the local NAACP branch. She organized civil rights discussions, movies and music events, and speech competitions, generally supporting the city's youth and Black community. She also ran weekly lectures, inviting speakers like
Mary McLeod Bethune Mary McLeod Bethune (; July 10, 1875 – May 18, 1955) was an American educator, Philanthropy, philanthropist, Humanitarianism, humanitarian, Womanism, womanist, and civil rights activist. Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women in ...
,
W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relativel ...
,
Ralph Bunche Ralph Johnson Bunche ( ; August 7, 1904 – December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, diplomat, and leading actor in the mid-20th-century decolonization process and US civil rights movement, who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Priz ...
,
Nannie Helen Burroughs Nannie Helen Burroughs (May 2, 1879May 20, 1961) was an educator, orator, religious leader, civil rights activist, feminist, and businesswoman in the United States. Her speech "How the Sisters Are Hindered from Helping," at the 1900 National Ba ...
,
Charles Wesley Charles Wesley (18 December 1707 – 29 March 1788) was an English Anglican cleric and a principal leader of the Methodist movement. Wesley was a prolific hymnwriter who wrote over 6,500 hymns during his lifetime. His works include "And Can It ...
, and Walter White. In 1933, her group started a local boycott campaign, Buy Where You Can Work, which later spread to many cities under the same name, or under Don't Buy Where You Can't Work. This protested businesses that mainly served Black consumers but only hired white employees. At one local business, the A&P grocery store, the manager believed hiring Black workers would lead current white employees to quit. After a few days of boycotting, the manager caved. The campaign mainly targeted libraries, welfare agencies, and schools, with Mitchell emphasizing that Black people in Baltimore could not be firemen, policemen, or social workers at the time, and had to live in court-enforced ghettos. Buy Where You Can Work led the
Enoch Pratt Free Library The Enoch Pratt Free Library is the free public library system of Baltimore, Maryland. Its Central Library is located on 400 Cathedral Street (southbound) and occupies the northeastern three quarters of a city block bounded by West Franklin S ...
to sponsor training programs for new Black employees, and the Baltimore Relief Commission to hire five Black social workers, in 1934. The same year, Mitchell was elected vice president of the National Council of Methodist Youth during a conference in Evanston, Illinois, where she encouraged youth to protest Jim Crow laws in the city and organize against lynching. In 1935, she earned a
M.A. A Master of Arts ( or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have ...
in
sociology Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of Interpersonal ties, social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociol ...
from the University of Pennsylvania as well. She was a member of the
Alpha Kappa Alpha Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. () is an List of African American fraternities, historically African-American Fraternities and sororities, sorority. The sorority was founded in 1908 at Howard University in Washington, D.C.. Alpha Kappa Alpha ...
sorority. In 1950, she became the first African-American woman to graduate from the
University of Maryland School of Law The University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (formerly University of Maryland School of Law from 1924 to 2011) is the law school of the University of Maryland, Baltimore and is located in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1816, it i ...
, and the first African-American woman to practice law in Maryland.


Career


Youth and College Division

In her earlier years, Mitchell traveled extensively throughout the U.S. for the
Bureau of Negro Work Bureau ( ) may refer to: Agencies and organizations *Government agency *Public administration * News bureau, an office for gathering or distributing news, generally for a given geographical location * Bureau (European Parliament), the administrat ...
and the
Methodist Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christianity, Christian Christian tradition, tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother ...
church, speaking and teaching courses in race relations. From 1935 to 1938, she was special assistant to
Walter F. White Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893 – March 21, 1955) was an American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for a quarter of a century, from 1929 until 1955. He directed ...
,
NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du&nbs ...
Executive Secretary. In 1933, White had released a memo to the NAACP Board of Directors critiquing the lack of a standardized youth program in the NAACP, saying that young people's ideas were often stifled. Mitchell and other members lobbied hard to form a new youth program, and in 1935, at the NAACP's 26th annual convention, the Board voted to restructure its youth division, creating the Youth and College Division with Mitchell as its first national director in 1936. Mitchell wanted to widen the accessibility of the youth division, widening the eligible age range from the previous 14-21 year cutoffs to 12-26, where different age brackets could be in junior youth councils, youth councils, or college chapters. The main goal of these chapters were to support Black youth in becoming community leaders and activists, and this helped build a pipeline of committed NAACP members. Her five objectives in the division were to educate youth about economic, political, and social problems for people of color; supporting national campaigns for antilynching, civil rights, equal education and employment laws; teaching Black history and pride; developing militant and intelligent leaders; and building interracial understanding and cooperation. The main four focuses of most youth councils of the time were campaigns for better rights and laws: equal education, employment opportunities, civil liberties, and antilynching legislation. Mitchell encouraged councils to host social events to build popularity, and urgent political action as a tactic to produce change. Councils hosted rallies, protests, lawsuits, radio appearances, textbook surveys, and educational campaigns. The younger councils were overseen by an advisor from a nearby NAACP senior branch, while college chapters were independent, reporting directly to the Youth and College Division. This meant programming and events were approved by the same respective advisors. To make a new council or chapter, organizers needed to recruit 25 members, and their dues would be split evenly between the local chapter and national group. These youth organizations were open to anyone of any race, and to be a member of the college chapter you just had to be enrolled in a college or university. She resigned from her position, in spite of White's attempts at persuading her to stay, in 1938 when she married.


Civil rights lawyer

Mitchell became a civil rights lawyer in 1950, a time when the Baltimore City Bar Association admitted no Black lawyers. She became legal counsel to the local NAACP and eventually head of the Maryland NAACP. She filed lawsuits to make Maryland the first southern state to integrate its public school system after the 1954
United States Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on question ...
case, ''
Brown v. Board of Education ''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka'', 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the ...
''. She,
Thurgood Marshall Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme C ...
, and two other attorneys from the NAACP filed suits that successfully admitted two Black teens into the Mergenthaler School of Printing, and she filed a lawsuit to integrate Western High School. She also filed many other cases to desegregate numerous other aspects of segregated life including restaurants, parks and swimming pools. She established case law that ended mass searches of private homes without warrants. She argued cases before the Maryland Court of Appeals, District Court, and U.S. Supreme Court. Mitchell also ran voter registration drives in the 1940s, '50s and '60s to help influence and rally Black citizens in Baltimore. Mitchell was recognized in the political arena for being a crusader and leader. She was named to the White House Conference on "Women and Civil Rights" by
John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as JFK, was the 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the first Roman Catholic and youngest person elected p ...
and in 1966 she was appointed by President
Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), also known as LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969. He became president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, under whom he had served a ...
to the White House Conference "To Fulfill These Rights" which dealt with finding solutions concerning African Americans in relation to economic security, education and justice. From 1965-1967, she was also co-chairman of the Baltimore mayor's Task Force Committee on Police-Community relations, and she counseled freedom riders and protestors of segregated restaurants at the same time. She spoke frequently against police brutality and mistreatment of Maryland prisoners. In 1985 she helped initiate the Stop the Killing Campaign after four Black teenagers were shot in Baltimore.


Personal life and death

In 1938, Mitchell married Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr., who was known nationally for being a civil rights activist and lobbyist, being dubbed "the 101st Senator" for his success. She was the daughter of Dr. Lillie Jackson, who was also a major civil rights leader and who also was president of the NAACP Baltimore branch and was known as "Mother of Freedom." Juanita Jackson Mitchell came from a long line of civil activists and continued the line. She was the mother of former state senators Michael B. Mitchell and
Clarence M. Mitchell III Clarence Maurice Mitchell III (December 14, 1939 – October 11, 2012) was an American politician from Baltimore, Maryland who served in the Maryland Senate and the Maryland House of Delegates. Background Mitchell was born in St. Paul, Minnes ...
. Her grandson,
Clarence M. Mitchell IV Clarence Maurice Mitchell IV (born May 16, 1962) is an American radio host and politician who currently cohosts ''The C4 And Bryan Nehman Show'' on Baltimore radio station WBAL. Mitchell served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1995 to 199 ...
was a Member of the Maryland House of Delegates and then a Member of the Maryland State Senate. Her grandson, Keiffer J. Mitchell, Jr., was a member of the
Baltimore City Council The Baltimore City Council is the legislative branch that governs the City of Baltimore. It has 14 members elected by district and a president elected at-large; all serve four-year terms. The council holds regular meetings on alternate Monday ev ...
and ran for Mayor of Baltimore in 2007. Juanita Mitchell was rendered a quadriplegic in November 1989 after falling down a flight of stairs. While undergoing therapy for that injury, she suffered a stroke, her second since 1985; she was 79. Juanita Jackson Mitchell died in Baltimore of a heart attack and complications from the strokes in July 1992.


Legacy

In 1987, Mitchell was inducted, along with her mother, into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. The NAACP has also recognized Juanita Jackson Mitchell for her accomplishments and has created a "Juanita Jackson Mitchell Award for Legal Activism" to honor her feats as a Black woman in the legal field. Each year, the NAACP, at its National Convention, awards an NAACP Unit for exemplary legal redress committee activities. A group of lawyers chartered the Everett J. Waring / Juanita Jackson Mitchell Law Society of Howard County ("WMLS") in Maryland on April 23, 1985, to support Howard County's community of Black judges, lawyers, and elected leaders. The organization was named for Mitchell and Everett J. Waring, both of whom it describes as "outstanding African American attorneys of historical significance". The group is affiliated with the Maryland and national bar associations and is involved in community legal outreach, professional mentoring, judicial nominations and civic initiatives.


See also

*
List of first women lawyers and judges in Maryland This is a list of the first women lawyer(s) and judge(s) in Maryland. It includes the year in which the women were admitted to practice law (in parentheses). Also included are women who achieved other distinctions such becoming the first in their ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitchell, Juanita 1913 births 1992 deaths NAACP activists Women in Maryland politics 20th-century American lawyers Mitchell family (Maryland) People from Hot Springs, Arkansas 20th-century American women lawyers 20th-century African-American lawyers