Josef Leopold

Josef Leopold (18 February 1889 – 24 July 1941) was the Nazi Party ''Gauleiter'' of Lower Austria from 1927 to 1938, as well as the Party's ''Landesleiter'' (state leader) and the head of the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) for all of Austria from 1935 to 1938. He belonged to the faction within Austrian Nazism that supported an independent Austrian Nazi state rather than a union with Germany. Adolf Hitler removed him from office just before the ''Anschluss'' with Germany. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Leopold joined the German Army and was killed during the invasion of the Soviet Union.

Early life and military career

Leopold was born in Langenlois, in the rural Waldviertel region of Lower Austria, and attended ''Volksschule'' there until 1904. After one year of study at a specialized fruit and viticulture school, he worked on his father's small farm. Leopold then decided on a military career, joining the 49th Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army on 7 October 1910. Following the outbreak of the First World War, he served as a platoon leader with the rank of ''Stabsfeldwebel'', and saw action on the eastern front until 1 August 1915, when he was captured by forces of the Imperial Russian Army. He was sent to Siberia as a prisoner of war where he remained until February 1918 when he escaped, returning to Austria.

Leopold became an instructor of new recruits in Vienna and, after the end of the war, he remained in military service with the '' Volkswehr''. Following the reorganisation of the military after the establishment of the republic, he was retained in the newly renamed ''Bundesheer'' and attended the military school at Enns. Commissioned as a ''Leutnant'' in March 1919, he was assigned to the 6th Infantry Regiment in July 1920, based in Krems an der Donau. He became its training officer in August 1923, where he remained until 1925. By 1927, he was promoted to ''Oberleutnant'' and assigned as an artillery officer in a mountain howitzer battery. Advanced to the rank of ''Hauptmann'' in January 1931, he became the commander of the 1st '' Feldjäger'' Battalion on 1 July 1931.

Entry into politics

Leopold's initial involvement in politics came in December 1918 when he joined the Social Democratic Party of Austria. However, by March 1919 he had switched sides to join Walter Riehl's and he became a convinced activist in the party after hearing Adolf Hitler speak at Krems in 1920. Leopold quickly rose through the Party ranks, from '' Ortsgruppenleiter'' in Krems in 1924 to '' Kreisleiter'' of the Waldviertel district in 1925 and, by September 1926, he formally joined the Nazi Party (membership number 50,416) and was made leader of the ''Sturmabteilung'' in Lower Austria, as well as Deputy ''Gauleiter'' of that region. As an early member of the Party, he would later be awarded the Golden Party Badge. On 29 August 1927, he was personally appointed by Hitler to the post of ''Gauleiter'' of Lower Austria. From 21 May 1932 to 23 June 1933, he was a member of the Lower Austrian ''Landtag'' and leader of the Nazi faction in that body, as well as a member of the ''Landesrat'' (state council).

Leopold belonged to the pro-independence faction within Austrian Nazism and insisted that Adolf Hitler was only a spiritual leader rather than the future Austrian leader. Leopold's faction within Austrian Nazism was underground in nature and frequently launched terrorist attacks. His position as an extremist who supported independence meant that he clashed with the pro- Greater Germany wing of Theodor Habicht and the constitutional pro-independence wing under Anton Reinthaller.

On 19 June 1933, 32 auxiliary policemen in Krems were wounded by hand grenades in a terrorist attack by Nazis, and the Austrian government of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß responded by outlawing the Nazi Party in Austria. Leopold subsequently was removed from his positions in the ''Landtag'' and the ''Landesrat'', and he also was discharged from the Austrian Army on 31 August 1933. The only ''Gauleiter'' who refused to flee Austria, he was arrested on 16 September and held for investigation until 1 February 1934 when he was released for lack of evidence. Rearrested on 5 May of the same year, he was interned in Wöllersdorf concentration camp until July.

Leadership of the Austrian Nazis

Leopold was appointed the ''Landesleiter'' of the banned Austrian Nazi Party on 29 January 1935 and the leader of all SA troops in Austria in June. However, he was again interned in Wöllersdorf later that month for distribution of propaganda pamphlets. Over a year later, on 11 July 1936, Hitler concluded an agreement with Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, recognising Austria's sovereignty and agreeing that Austrian National Socialism was a "domestic matter" over which Germany would exert no direct or indirect influence. In return, Austria agreed to an amnesty of imprisoned Nazis, and Leopold obtained his freedom on 23 July. Although officially still the party leader, Leopold found that during his time in prison much of the power within the party passed to Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik who, on Hitler's express instructions, were seeking to build alliances with more conservative leaders such as Arthur Seyss-Inquart and even Schuschnigg.

Later in 1936, Leopold began negotiating with Schuschnigg in an attempt to regain legal status for the Nazi Party. Leopold hoped through this to become part of a coalition government and to eventually form an independent Nazi government in Austria. He then sought to work more closely with other nationalist groups in order to come closer to his ideal of a Nazi Austria and, in this endeavour, won the backing of cabinet ministers Edmund Glaise-Horstenau and . Despite this, the talks with Schuschnigg came to nothing and Leopold's desires to see the Nazis recognised and to establish a coalition known as the were left unfulfilled. Indeed, Leopold came out of the negotiations badly, as not only were his plans to reconstitute the Nazi Party as part of the Fatherland's Front made public, but he also failed to secure an offer of a cabinet post as he had hoped.

His failures in the negotiations and his pro-independence stance meant that Hitler did not trust Leopold, who he felt might use the SA to try to seize power on his own, perhaps by force. Therefore, he sent Wilhelm Keppler to keep a watch on him in July 1937. However, Keppler was told by Leopold that he took orders from no one. Heinrich Himmler made him leader of the Austrian ''Schutzstaffel'' in 1937, but he soon grew tired of the quarrelsome Leopold, who also had clashes with Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Franz von Papen and his co-leader of the Austrian Nazis Hermann Neubacher. While leading the Nazis in Vienna during 1938, Leopold boasted to British Union of Fascists representative Robert Gordon-Canning that he was about to lead an uprising with Hitler's aid. However, the conversation was picked up by Schuschnigg who had Leopold's office raided, where documents relating to the coup plot were seized. Hitler finally dismissed Leopold as ''Landesleiter'' on 21 February 1938, on the pretext that he wanted Austrian Nazis to follow legality. Hitler, who had been due to hold talks with Schuschnigg, was especially annoyed that Leopold had launched a bombing campaign in the run-up to the meeting, and so acted quickly to remove him.

Career in Nazi Germany

Following the ''Anschluss'', Leopold was able to continue his career within the Nazi Party in Germany, despite his earlier support for an independent Austria. However, he never attained the level of leadership that he had wielded in Austria. He was considered for the role of ''Gauleiter'' of Reichsgau Lower Danube, although this role went to Hugo Jury instead. On 21 February 1938, Leopold was granted the title of Honorary ''Gauleiter''. At the parliamentary election of 10 April, he was elected as a Nazi deputy to the '' Reichstag'' from the newly renamed Ostmark. On 23 May, he was appointed as a Party ''Reichsinspekteur'' in Munich on the staff of Deputy ''Führer'' Hess and promoted to the rank of SA-''Gruppenführer''. This was followed on 1 June by his being named an honorary ''Führer'' of Vienna's SA-''Gruppe Donau''. On 30 January 1939, he was awarded the Nazi Party's Blood Order decoration.

Wartime service and death

On the outbreak of the Second World War, Leopold volunteered for service in the German Army. With the rank of ''Oberstleutnant'', he commanded of a reserve battalion of Austrian troops in the Battle of France and in the invasion of the Soviet Union. He died on 24 July 1941 at the eastern front as a result of an accident with a Romanian soldier's grenade. He had been Reich Minister Alfred Rosenberg's choice for the post of ''Generalkommissar'' for Crimea, but the job ultimately went to fellow-Austrian Alfred Frauenfeld.

Post-war legal actions against Leopold's wife

In October 1945, Leopold's widow, Sidonie née Saxeneder (16 August 1894 – 19 July 1980) was tried by the Vienna People's Court for her Nazi Party membership. She had been a member since 1927, and had been awarded the Golden Party Badge. On 8 October 1945, Sidonie was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison and had her assets confiscated.

References

Sources

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External links

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Leopold's death notice in the ''Badener Zeitung'', 2 August 1941
(in German)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leopold, Josef
1889 births
1941 deaths
Austrian escapees
Austrian military personnel killed in World War II
Austrian Nazis
Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I
Escapees from Russian detention
Gauleiters
German Army officers of World War II
German Army personnel killed in World War II
Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945
People from Krems-Land District
Prisoners and detainees of Austria
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
SA-Gruppenführer
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians