José Bento Renato Monteiro Lobato (; 18 April 1882 – 4 July 1948) was one of Brazil's most influential writers, mostly for his children's books set in the fictional

Sítio do Picapau Amarelo Sítio do Picapau Amarelo may refer to: Literature * ''Sítio do Picapau Amarelo'' (novel series), a novel series by Monteiro Lobato * Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (fictional farm), the primary setting for the novel series Television * ''Sítio do ...

(Yellow Woodpecker Farm) but he had been previously a prolific writer of fiction, a translator and an art critic. He also founded one of Brazil's first publishing houses (Companhia Editora Nacional) and was a supporter of

nationalism Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, I ...

. Lobato was born in

Taubaté Taubaté is a medium-sized city in the state of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil. History Taubaté was part of the ancient Tupinambá Territory, along the Paraíba do Sul River. The Tupinambá Territory in the 16th century, stretched from ...

, São Paulo. He is best known for a set of educational but

entertaining Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but it is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands ...

children's books A child () is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of ''chi ...

, which comprise about half of his production. The other half, consisting of a number of

novels A novel is an extended work of narrative fiction usually written in prose and published as a book. The word derives from the for 'new', 'news', or 'short story (of something new)', itself from the , a singular noun use of the neuter plural of '' ...

and short tales for adult readers, was less popular but marked a watershed in Brazilian literature.

Biography

Most of his children's books were set in the ''

'' ("Yellow Woodpecker Farm" or "Yellow Woodpecker Ranch"), a small farm in the

countryside In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry are typically describ ...

, and featured the elderly ranch owner ''Dona Benta'' ("Mrs. Benta"), her two grandchildren – a girl, ''Lúcia'' ("Lucia") who is always referred to only by her nickname, ''Narizinho'' ("Little Nose", because she had a turned-up nose) and a boy, ''Pedrinho'' ("Little Pete") — and a black servant and

cook Cook or The Cook may refer to: Food preparation * Cooking, the preparation of food * Cook (domestic worker), a household staff member who prepares food * Cook (profession), an individual who prepares food for consumption in the food industry * C ...

, ''Tia Nastácia'' ("Aunt Anastacia"). These real characters were complemented by entities created or animated by the children's imagination: the irreverent

rag doll A rag doll is a doll made from scraps of fabric. They are one of the oldest children's toys in existence. Today, many rag dolls are commercially produced to mimic aspects of the original home-made dolls, such as simple features, soft cloth bodies, ...

''Emília'' ("Emilia") and the

aristocratic Aristocracy (; ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats. Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense economic, political, and social influence. In Western Christian co ...

and

learned Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, value (personal and cultural), values, Attitude (psychology), attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, non-human animals, and ...

puppet A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or Legendary creature, mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer. Puppetry is an ancient form of theatre which dates back to the 5th century BC in anci ...

made of

corncob A corncob, also called corn cob or cob of corn, is the hard core of an ear of maize, bearing the kernels, made up of the chaff, woody ring, and pith. Corncobs contain mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. However, during several instance ...

''Visconde de Sabugosa'' (roughly "

Viscount A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status. The status and any domain held by a viscount is a viscounty. In the case of French viscounts, the title is ...

Corncob"), the cow ''Mocha'', the

donkey The donkey or ass is a domesticated equine. It derives from the African wild ass, ''Equus africanus'', and may be classified either as a subspecies thereof, ''Equus africanus asinus'', or as a separate species, ''Equus asinus''. It was domes ...

''Conselheiro'' ("Counsellor"), the pig ''Rabicó'' ("Short-Tail") and the

rhinoceros A rhinoceros ( ; ; ; : rhinoceros or rhinoceroses), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant taxon, extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls) in the family (biology), famil ...

''Quindim'' (

Quindim Quindim () is a popular Brazilian baked dessert with Portuguese heritage, made chiefly from sugar, egg yolks and ground coconut. It is a custard and usually presented as an upturned cup with a glistening surface and intensely yellow color. The m ...

is a Brazilian dessert), ''

Saci Saci may refer to: * An alternative spelling for the Hindu goddess Sachi * Saci (Brazilian folklore) Saci ( ) is a character in Brazilian folklore. He is a one-legged Black Brazilian, black man, who smokes a smoking pipe (tobacco), pipe and wea ...

Pererê'' (a black,

pipe Pipe(s), PIPE(S) or piping may refer to: Objects * Pipe (fluid conveyance), a hollow cylinder following certain dimension rules ** Piping, the use of pipes in industry * Smoking pipe ** Tobacco pipe * Half-pipe and quarter pipe, semi-circular ...

-smoking, one-legged character of

Brazilian folklore Brazilian mythology is a rich and diverse part of Brazilian folklore with cultural elements, comprising folk tales, traditions, characters, and beliefs. The category is representative of Brazil’s greater culture, being a melting pot of Iberic ...

) and Cuca (an evil monster invoked by Brazilian mothers at night to convince their kids to go to bed). The adventures mostly develop elsewhere: either in

fantasy Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction that involves supernatural or Magic (supernatural), magical elements, often including Fictional universe, imaginary places and Legendary creature, creatures. The genre's roots lie in oral traditions, ...

worlds invented by the children, or in stories told by Dona Benta in evening sessions. Many of these books are educational, teaching things through the mouth of Mrs. Benta and by smart questions and remarks, by her young and attentive audience. They addressed subjects which children often do not like at school, such as mathematics,

grammar In linguistics, grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Grammar rules may concern the use of clauses, phrases, and words. The term may also refer to the study of such rul ...

, national and world history,

geography Geography (from Ancient Greek ; combining 'Earth' and 'write', literally 'Earth writing') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding o ...

astronomy Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest includ ...

Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...

, and so on. In other books, the author, who was a

skeptic Skepticism ( US) or scepticism ( UK) is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the p ...

, a rationalist, an internationalist and had anti-war positions (but at the same time being strongly patriotic and conservative), passes his views on the world,

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing ...

ity and politics to his young readers. In other books, he tells in an easy to understand way the classics of literature, such as

Aesop Aesop ( ; , ; c. 620–564 BCE; formerly rendered as Æsop) was a Greeks, Greek wikt:fabulist, fabulist and Oral storytelling, storyteller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as ''Aesop's Fables''. Although his existence re ...

's fables,

Don Quixote , the full title being ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'', is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, the novel is considered a founding work of Western literature and is of ...

and

Peter Pan Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical ...

. He created a rich

crossover Crossover may refer to: Entertainment Music Albums * ''Cross Over'' (album), a 1987 album by Dan Peek, or the title song * ''Crossover'' (Dirty Rotten Imbeciles album), 1987 * ''Crossover'', an album by Intrigue * ''Crossover'', an album by ...

using elements from many sources, literature, movies, mythology and cartoons. He was widely imaginative, such as in his books ''A Chave do Tamanho'' ("The Sizing Switch") and ''A Reforma da Natureza'' ("Reforming Nature"), where he speculated on the consequences of all humans suddenly decreasing in size, and on what would happen if Emilia and Viscount would get hold of a

scientific method The scientific method is an Empirical evidence, empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has been referred to while doing science since at least the 17th century. Historically, it was developed through the centuries from the ancient and ...

to change the

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

s of animals and plants for

rational Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason. In this regard, a person acts rationally if they have a good reason for what they do, or a belief is rational if it is based on strong evidence. This quality can apply to an ...

or irrational purposes, with catastrophic results. Monteiro Lobato's books were turned into widely popular TV programs — including five series of Sítio do Picapau Amarelo adventures, one in 1952 on

TV Tupi Rede Tupi (; in English, Tupi Network) was a Brazilian commercial terrestrial television network. Its flagship station, located in the city of São Paulo, was the first TV station to operate in the country, being inaugurated on 18 September 1 ...

, another in 1964 on

TV Cultura TV Cultura, or simply Cultura, is a free Brazilian non-commercial public television network headquartered in São Paulo and a part of Father Anchieta Foundation, a non-profit foundation funded by the São Paulo State Government. It focuses on ...

, one in 1967 on

Rede Bandeirantes Rede Bandeirantes (, ''Bandeirantes Network''), or simply known as Band (), is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It began broadcasting on May 13, 1967 on VHF channel 13 in São Paulo. Its founder was businessman :pt:João Saad, Jo ...

, another on

Rede Globo TV Globo (stylized as tvglobo; , ), formerly known as Rede Globo de Televisão (; shortened to Rede Globo) or simply known as Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965 ...

in 1977, and the last version in 2001 also on

. The last is known in other countries under the title "Pirlimpimpim". In 2012 "

" and Brazilian producer "Mixer" was to produce an animated series inspired by Lobato's children's books. Lobato was also an influential journalist and publisher, wrote regularly for several

newspapers A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as poli ...

and

magazines A magazine is a periodical literature, periodical publication, print or digital, produced on a regular schedule, that contains any of a variety of subject-oriented textual and visual content (media), content forms. Magazines are generally fin ...

, and was a noted and respected

art critic An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogue ...

. In fact, he provoked a public controversy when he harshly criticized the writers, poets, painters and musicians who in 1922 promoted a Modern Art Week (

Semana da Arte Moderna The Modern Art Week () was an arts festival in São Paulo, Brazil, that ran from 10 February to 17 February 1922. Historically, the Week marked the start of Brazilian Modernism; though a number of individual Brazilian artists were doing moderni ...

), which was also a watershed event in

Brazilian culture The culture of Brazil has been shaped by the amalgamation of diverse indigenous cultures, and the cultural fusion that took place among Indigenous peoples in Brazil, Indigenous communities, Portuguese people, Portuguese colonists, and Afro-Brazi ...

in the 20th century. In 1919, he acquired the ''Revista do Brasil,'' one of the first Brazilian cultural magazines, and founded, in 1920, his own publishing house. Later, he helped to found and was a partner in two of the most important independent Brazilian publishing houses, the ''Companhia Nacional'' and the ''Editora Brasiliense''. Politically, Lobato was strongly in favor of a state monopoly for iron and

oil exploration Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth's crust using petroleum geology. Exploration methods V ...

in Brazil and battled publicly for it between 1931 and 1939. For his libertarian views, he was arrested by the then dictatorial government of

Getúlio Vargas Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (; ; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th president of Brazil, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Due to his long and contr ...

in 1941. This movement, called ''O Petróleo é Nosso'' (Oil Belongs to Us) was highly successful, and the same

, after being democratically elected president, created

Petrobras Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., better known by and Trade name, trading as the portmanteau Petrobras (), is a Brazilian state-owned enterprise, majority state-owned multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. ...

in 1952. Lobato founded a cultural and literary magazine, ''

Fundamentos ''Fundamentos'' () was a cultural and literary magazine published in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1948 to 1955. The magazine was close to the Brazilian Communist Party. ''Fundamentos'' was established in 1948. The founder was Monteiro Lobato. The ma ...

'', which existed between 1948 and 1955. He died in

São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...

in 1948.

Racism in his work and thoughts

Lobato has been posthumously accused of

racism Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one Race (human categorization), race or ethnicity over another. It may also me ...

, due to the portrayal and treatment of black people in several of his works. In 2010 a Brazilian educator attempted to legally ban ''Caçadas de Pedrinho'' from Brazilian junior schools for the prejudicial narrative and terms contained in the novel. For example, Lobato describes Aunt Nastácia (a mulatta), climbing up "the pole of Saint Pedro as an old monkey", and that "no one would escape" a jaguar's attack, including "Aunt Nastácia, of black flesh." An academic analysis made by the Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais at the

Rio de Janeiro State University Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ; ) is a public research university in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in the country. The university's law and medical schools are among the bes ...

characterizes Monteiro Lobato as a "dangerously influential

racist Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one Race (human categorization), race or ethnicity over another. It may also me ...

working on the scholastic area", citing a letter Lobato sent to Toledo Neiva, in which he complains about "a country razilwhere men don't have strength enough to organize a

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian terrorism, Christian extremist, white supremacist, Right-wing terrorism, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction era, ...

", and comparing it to the United States by mentioning

André Siegfried André Siegfried (April 21, 1875 – March 28, 1959) was a French academic, geographer and political writer best known to English speakers for his commentaries on American, Canadian, and British politics. He was born in Le Havre, France, to J ...

, "glad that they're not a second Brazil. Some day, justice will be done to the Ku Klux Klan."

Bibliography

Children books

*''A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado'' (''The Girl With the Turned Up Nose'') (1920) *''Reinações de Narizinho'' (''Adventures of Lucia Little Nose'') (1931) *''Viagem ao Céu'' e ''O Saci'' (''Voyage to the Sky'' and ''The Saci'') (1932) *''Caçadas de Pedrinho'' and ''Hans Staden'' (''Pete's Hunting'' and ''Hans Staden'') (1933) *''História do Mundo para as Crianças'' (''History of the World for Children'') (1933) *''Memórias da Emília'' and ''Peter Pan'' (''Emilia's Autobiography'' and ''Peter Pan'') (1936) *''Emília no País da Gramática'' and ''Aritmética da Emília'' (''Emilia in the Grammar Country'' and ''Emilia's Math Book'') (1934) *''Geografia de Dona Benta'' (''Mrs. Benta's Geography'') (1935) *''Serões de Dona Benta'' and ''História das invenções'' (''Night Chatting With Mrs. Benta'' and ''Histories of Inventions'') (1937) *''D. Quixote das Crianças'' (''D. Quixote of Children'') (1936) *''O Poço do Visconde'' (''The Viscount's Well'') (1937) *''Histórias de tia Nastácia'' (''Aunt Anastacia's Tales'') (1937) *''O Picapau Amarelo'' and ''A Reforma da Natureza'' (''The Yellow Woodpecker Farm'' and ''Reforming Nature'') (1939) *''O Minotauro'' (''The Minotaur'') (1937) *''A Chave do Tamanho'' (''The Size Switch'') (1942) *''Fábulas'' (''Fables'') (1942) *''Os Doze Trabalhos de Hércules'' (''The Twelve Trials of Hercules'') (2 vols) (1944)

Adult books

*''Urupês'' *''Cidades Mortas'' *''Negrinha'' *''Idéias de Jeca Tatu'' *''A Onda Verde'' *'' O Presidente Negro'' *''Na Antevéspera'' *''O Escândalo do Petróleo'' and ''Ferro'' *''Mr. Slang e o Brasil'' and ''Problema Vital'' *''América'' *''Mundo da Lua'' and ''Miscelânea'' *''A Barca de Gleyre'' (2 vols)

Collections

*''Prefácios e entrevistas'' *''Literatura do Minarete'' (*) *''Conferências, artigos e crônicas'' (*) *''Cartas escolhidas'' (2 vols) (*) *''Críticas e outras Notas'' (*) *''Cartas de Amor'' (*) (*) Published posthumously.

Translations

*''

Kim Kim may refer to: People and fictional characters * Kim (given name), a list of people and fictional characters * Kim (surname), a list of people and fictional characters ** Kim (Korean surname) *** Kim dynasty (disambiguation), several dynas ...

'', by

Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)''The Times'', (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12. was an English journalist, novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He was born in British Raj, British India, which inspired much ...

– ''undated translation'' *''

Black Beauty ''Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, the Autobiography of a Horse'' is an 1877 novel by English author Anna Sewell. It was written from a horse as main character's perspective. She wrote it in the last years of her life, during which s ...

'', by Anne Sewell – ''undated translation'' *''Madame Curie'', by

Ève Curie Ève Denise Curie Labouisse (; December 6, 1904 – October 22, 2007) was a French and American writer, journalist and pianist. Ève Curie was the younger daughter of Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie a ...

– ''undated translation'' *''Grimm's Fairy Tales'', by Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm – ''undated translation'' *''On Education, Especially in Early Childhood'', by

Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, and public intellectual. He had influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, and various areas of analytic ...

– ''undated translation'' *'' The Story of Civilization – Part III: Caesar and Christ'', by

Will Durant William James Durant (; November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American historian and philosopher, best known for his eleven-volume work, '' The Story of Civilization'', which contains and details the history of Eastern and Western civil ...

– ''undated translation'' *''

Just Patty Jean Webster was the pen name of Alice Jane Chandler Webster (July 24, 1876 – June 11, 1916), an American author whose books include '' Daddy-Long-Legs'' and '' Dear Enemy''. Her best-known books feature lively and likeable young female prota ...

'', by

Jean Webster Jean Webster was the pen name of Alice Jane Chandler Webster (July 24, 1876 – June 11, 1916), an American author whose books include ''Daddy-Long-Legs (novel), Daddy-Long-Legs'' and ''Dear Enemy (novel), Dear Enemy''. Her best-known books fea ...

– ''undated translation'' (probably 1942) *'' Les Travailleurs de la Mer'', by

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romanticism, Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchbac ...

– 1925 *''La main du défunt'', by Alfredo Possolo Hogan (wrongfully credited to

Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (born Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas , was a French novelist and playwright. His works have been translated into many languages and he is one of the mos ...

) – 1925 *''My Life and Work'', by

Henry Ford Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American Technological and industrial history of the United States, industrialist and business magnate. As the founder of the Ford Motor Company, he is credited as a pioneer in making automob ...

– 1926 *''Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen'', by

Hans Staden Hans Staden (c. 1525 – c. 1576) was a German people, German soldier and explorer who voyaged to South America in the middle of the sixteenth century, where he was captured by the Tupinambá people of Colonial Brazil, Brazil. He managed to survi ...

– 1927 *'' Andersen's Fairy Tales'', by

Hans Christian Andersen Hans Christian Andersen ( , ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogue (literature), travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales. Andersen's fai ...

– 1932 *''

White Fang ''White Fang'' is a novel by American author Jack London (1876–1916) about a wild wolfdog's journey to domestication in Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush. First serialized in ''Outing'' magazin ...

'', by

Jack London John Griffith London (; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London, was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors t ...

– 1933 *''

The Jungle Book ''The Jungle Book'' is an 1894 collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, who ...

'', by

– 1933 *''

The Sea-Wolf ''The Sea-Wolf'' is a 1904 psychological adventure novel by American writer Jack London. The book's protagonist, Humphrey Van Weyden, is a literary critic who is a survivor of an ocean collision and who comes under the dominance of Wolf Larsen, ...

'', by

– 1934 *''

The Black Doctor and Other Tales of Terror and Mystery ''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The' ...

'', by

Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for ''A Study in Scarlet'', the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Hol ...

– 1934 *''

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' is a picaresque novel by American author Mark Twain that was first published in the United Kingdom in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, th ...

'', by

Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, and essayist. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced," with William Fau ...

– 1934 *'' Dear Enemy'', by

– 1934 *''

The Call of the Wild ''The Call of the Wild'' is an adventure novel by Jack London, published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada, during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. ...

'', by Jack London – 1935 *''

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in both British and American English, see and respectively. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology). She was ...

'', by

E. Barrington Lily Adams Beck, née Elizabeth Louisa Moresby (1862 in Queenstown, Cork, Ireland – 3 January 1931 in Kyoto, Japan) was a British writer of short stories, novels, biographies and esoteric books, under the names of L. Adams Beck, E. Barrington ...

– 1935 *'' Little Caesar'', by

W. R. Burnett William Riley Burnett (November 25, 1899 April 25, 1982) was an American novelist and screenwriter. He is best known for the crime novel ''Little Caesar'', the film adaptation of which is considered the first of the classic American gangster mo ...

– 1935 *''

Scarface Scarface may refer to: Gangster-related * Scarface, nickname for Al Capone (1899–1947), an American gangster and a businessman. * ''Scarface'' (novel), a novel by Armitage Trail, loosely based on Capone's rise to power ** ''Scarface'' (1932 ...

'', by

Armitage Trail Maurice R. Coons (July 18, 1902 – October 10, 1930), known by the pen name Armitage Trail, was an American pulp fiction author, known best for his 1929 novel '' Scarface''. This novel was based on the life of gangster Al Capone, and was adapte ...

– 1935 *''

Alice in Wonderland ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (also known as ''Alice in Wonderland'') is an 1865 English Children's literature, children's novel by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics university don, don at the University of Oxford. It details the story of a ...

'', by

Lewis Carroll Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, poet, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicanism, Anglican deacon. His most notable works are ''Alice ...

– 1936 *''

Tarzan at the Earth's Core ''Tarzan at the Earth's Core'' is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, serialized in September 1929 to March 1930, the thirteenth in his series of twenty-four books about the title character Tarzan and the fourth in his series set ...

'', by

Edgar Rice Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction, and fantasy genres. Best known for creating the characters Tarzan (who appeared in ...

– 1936 *'' Towards the Stars'', by H. Dennis Bradley – 1939 *''

Rebecca Rebecca () appears in the Hebrew Bible as the wife of Isaac and the mother of Jacob and Esau. According to biblical tradition, Rebecca's father was Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan Aram, also called Aram-Naharaim. Rebecca's brother was Laban (Bi ...

'' (in collaboration with Lígia Junqueira Smith), by

Daphne du Maurier Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning, (; 13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was an English novelist, biographer and playwright. Her parents were actor-manager Gerald du Maurier, Sir Gerald du Maurier and his wife, actress Muriel Beaumont. Her gra ...

– 1940 *''

My Son, My Son! ''My Son, My Son!'' is a 1940 American drama film directed by Charles Vidor and based on a novel by the same name written by Howard Spring. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Art Direction by John DuCasse Schulze. Plot Cast ...

'', by

Howard Spring Howard Spring (10 February 1889 – 3 May 1965) was a Welsh author and journalist. He began his writing career as a journalist but from 1934 produced a series of best-selling novels for adults and children. The most successful was '' Fame Is t ...

– 1940 *''

The Story of the Bible ''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' ...

'', by

Hendrik Willem van Loon Hendrik Willem van Loon (January 14, 1882 – March 11, 1944) was a Dutch-American historian, journalist, and children's book author. Life Van Loon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, the son of Hendrik Willem van Loon and Elisabeth Johanna H ...

– 1940 *''

A Farewell to Arms ''A Farewell to Arms'' is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, set during the Italian campaign of World War I. First published in 1929, it is a first-person account of an American, Frederic Henry, serving as a lieutenant () in the a ...

'', by

Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized fo ...

– 1942 *''

For Whom the Bell Tolls ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American volunteer attached to a Republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter, he is assigned ...

'', by Ernest Hemingway – 1942 *'' Sorrell and Son'', by

Warwick Deeping George Warwick Deeping (28 May 1877 – 20 April 1950) was an English novelist and short story writer, whose best-known novel was '' Sorrell and Son'' (1925). Life Born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, into a family of physicians, Warwick Deeping ...

– 1942 *'' That Day Alone'', by

Pierre van Paassen Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...

– 1942 *''

Pollyanna ''Pollyanna'' is a 1913 novel by American author Eleanor H. Porter, considered a classic of children's literature. The book's success led to Porter soon writing a sequel, ''Pollyanna Grows Up'' (1915). Eleven more ''Pollyanna'' sequels, known a ...

'', by

Eleanor H. Porter Eleanor Emily Hodgman Porter (December 19, 1868 – May 21, 1920) was an American novelist. She was best known as the creator of the ''Pollyanna'' series of books, starting with '' Pollyanna'' (1913), which were a popular phenomenon. Biograph ...

– 1942 *''

Pollyanna Grows Up ''Pollyanna Grows Up'' is a 1915 children's novel by Eleanor H. Porter. It is the first of many sequels to Porter's best-selling ''Pollyanna ''Pollyanna'' is a 1913 novel by American author Eleanor H. Porter, considered a classic of chi ...

'', by Eleanor H. Porter – 1942 *''

Moment in Peking ''Moment in Peking'' is a novel originally written in English by Chinese people, Chinese author Lin Yutang. The novel, Lin's first, covers the turbulent events in China from 1900 to 1938, including the Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising, the Xinha ...

, by

Lin Yutang Lin Yutang (10 October 1895 – 26 March 1976) was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. One scholar commented that Lin's "particular blend of sophistication and casualness found a wide audience, and he became a ma ...

– 1942 *'' One World'', by

Wendell Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie (born Lewis Wendell Willkie; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was an American lawyer, corporate executive and the 1940 History of the Republican Party (United States), Republican nominee for president. Willkie appeale ...

– 1943 *''

The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind ''The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind'' by H. G. Wells is the final work of a trilogy of which the first volumes were '' The Outline of History'' (1919–1920) and '' The Science of Life'' (1929). Wells conceived of the three parts of hi ...

'', by

H. G. Wells Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer, prolific in many genres. He wrote more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories. His non-fiction output included works of social commentary, politics, hist ...

– 1943 *''

Robinson Crusoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' ( ) is an English adventure novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. Written with a combination of Epistolary novel, epistolary, Confessional writing, confessional, and Didacticism, didactic forms, the ...

'', by

Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; 1660 – 24 April 1731) was an English writer, merchant and spy. He is most famous for his novel ''Robinson Crusoe'', published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translati ...

– 1945 *''

Lincoln Lincoln most commonly refers to: * Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th president of the United States * Lincoln, England, cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, England * Lincoln, Nebraska, the capital of Nebraska, U.S. * Lincoln (na ...

'', by

Nathaniel Wright Stephenson Nathaniel is an English variant of the biblical Hebrew name Nathanael. It can be a given or surname. People with the name Nathaniel Given name * Nathaniel Archibald (1952–2018), American basketball player * Nate Archibald (born 1948), America ...

– 1945 *''

The Fate of Homo Sapiens H. G. Wells was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction. His writing career spanned more than sixty years, and his early science fiction novels earned him the title (along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback) of "The Father of Science ...

'', by

– 1945 *''

The Bridge of San Luis Rey ''The Bridge of San Luis Rey'' is American author Thornton Wilder's second novel. It was first published in 1927 to worldwide acclaim. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928, and was the best-selling work of fiction that year. Premise ''The ...

'', by

Thornton Wilder Thornton Niven Wilder (April 17, 1897 – December 7, 1975) was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes, for the novel ''The Bridge of San Luis Rey'' and for the plays ''Our Town'' and ''The Skin of Our Teeth'', and a U. ...

– 1946 *''

A Daughter of the Snows A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is '' a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes''. It is similar in shape to the Ancient G ...

'', by Jack London – 1947 *''

Pinocchio Pinocchio ( , ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel, ''The Adventures of Pinocchio'' (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi of Florence, Tuscany. Pinocchio was carved by a poor man named Geppetto in a Tuscan vil ...

'', by

Carlo Collodi Carlo Lorenzini (; 24 November 1826 – 26 October 1890), better known by the pen name Carlo Collodi ( ; ), was an Italian author, humourist, and journalist, widely known for his fairy tale novel '' The Adventures of Pinocchio''. Early lif ...

– 1955 *''

Moby-Dick ''Moby-Dick; or, The Whale'' is an 1851 Epic (genre), epic novel by American writer Herman Melville. The book is centered on the sailor Ishmael (Moby-Dick), Ishmael's narrative of the maniacal quest of Captain Ahab, Ahab, captain of the whaler ...

'', by

Herman Melville Herman Melville (Name change, born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance (literature), American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works ar ...

– 1957 *''

Tarzan the Terrible ''Tarzan the Terrible'' is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the eighth in his series of twenty-four books about the title character Tarzan. The story was first published as a serial in the pulp magazine '' Argosy All-Story Week ...

'', by

– 1959 *'' A Leaf in the Storm'' (in collaboration with Ruth Lobato), by

– 1959

References

External links

* *
Monteiro Lobato's site by the ''Globo'' TV network
(in Portuguese)
Children‘s program "Pirlimpimpim" (Sítio do Picapau Amarelo) on Globo TV International
(in English)
Monteiro Lobato Projeto Memória
(in Portuguese)
The characters created by Monteiro Lobato
(in Portuguese)

(in Portuguese)

(English version) * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lobato, Monteiro 1882 births 1948 deaths People from Taubaté Brazilian art critics Brazilian eugenicists Brazilian publishers (people) Brazilian children's writers University of São Paulo alumni Brazilian male novelists English–Portuguese translators Brazilian folklorists 20th-century Brazilian novelists 20th-century Brazilian translators Brazilian magazine founders 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian journalists Brazilian fantasy writers Brazilian science fiction writers Proponents of scientific racism