John Scott (writer)
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John Scott (1912–1976) was an American writer. He spent about a decade in the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
from 1932 to 1941. His best-known book, ''Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel'', is a memoir of that experience. The bulk of his career was as a
journalist A journalist is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public. This is called journalism. Roles Journalists can work in broadcast, print, advertis ...
, book author, and
editor Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, a ...
with
Time Life Time Life, Inc. (also habitually represented with a hyphen as Time-Life, Inc., even by the company itself) was an American multi-media conglomerate company formerly known as a prolific production/publishing company and direct marketeer seller ...
. Scott began his adult life as an idealistic
democratic socialist Democratic socialism is a left-wing economic and political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-mana ...
, and traveled to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
in 1932 to be part of the early Soviet zeitgeist of enthusiastically building socialism. He worked as a
welder A welder is a person or equipment that fuses materials together. The term welder refers to the operator, the machine is referred to as the welding power supply. The materials to be joined can be metals (such as steel, aluminum, brass, stainles ...
,
chemist A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry, or an officially enrolled student in the field. Chemists study the composition of ...
, and foreman at the new city of
Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk ( rus, Магнитого́рск, p=məɡnʲɪtɐˈɡorsk, ) is an industrial city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, on the eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River. Its population is curre ...
and married and had children there. He was disillusioned in 1937 and 1938 by the
Great Purge The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (), also known as the Year of '37 () and the Yezhovshchina ( , ), was a political purge in the Soviet Union that took place from 1936 to 1938. After the Assassination of Sergei Kirov, assassination of ...
, which removed him from normal Soviet life as a suddenly distrusted foreigner and which disappeared many of his Russian colleagues. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, he remained sympathetic to socialist ideals but had soured on
Stalinism Stalinism (, ) is the Totalitarianism, totalitarian means of governing and Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953), 1927 to 1953 by dictator Jose ...
as the path for socialist development, although he believed that the
Soviet economy The economy of the Soviet Union was based on state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, and industrial manufacturing. An administrative-command system managed a distinctive form of central planning. The Soviet economy ...
was succeeding in raising the
standard of living Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society. A contributing factor to an individual's quality of life, standard of living is generally concerned with objective metrics outsid ...
of the populace and that the Soviet regime would endure as long as that remained true. He moved back to the United States with his family and published his book about his Soviet experience. He worked in the
Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the first intelligence agency of the United States, formed during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines ...
(OSS) during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. After the war, he was a journalist with ''
Time Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...
'' magazine for several decades. He published various other books. In later years he publicly advocated against
Bolshevism Bolshevism (derived from Bolshevik) is a revolutionary socialist current of Soviet Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined p ...
. After his retirement in 1973, he served as vice president of
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a media organization broadcasting news and analyses in 27 languages to 23 countries across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. Headquartered in Prague since 1995, RFE/RL ...
for several years.


Background

Scott was born as John Scott Nearing in 1912, the son of
Scott Nearing Scott Nearing (August 6, 1883 – August 24, 1983) was an American radical economist, educator, writer, political activist, pacifist, vegetarian and advocate of simple living. Biography Early years Nearing was born in Morris Run, Tioga County ...
, a somewhat famous American
radical Radical (from Latin: ', root) may refer to: Politics and ideology Politics *Classical radicalism, the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century *Radical politics ...
, and Nearing's first wife, Nellie Marguerite Seeds Nearing. At age 17 or 18 years, John changed his name to John Scott; Stephen Kotkin, who edited a republishing of Scott's memoir, said that this was "to secure his own identity and independence". A 1989 ''New York Times'' book review said:


Soviet experience


Magnitogorsk years

After leaving the
University of Wisconsin A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...
in 1931 and getting some welding apprentice training at the General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York, Scott migrated to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
in September 1932 at the age of 20. He worked for 5 years in the new industrial city
Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk ( rus, Магнитого́рск, p=məɡnʲɪtɐˈɡorsk, ) is an industrial city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, on the eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River. Its population is curre ...
at an iron and steel plant. Most of his book is a memoir of his life and work experiences from 1932 to 1937. Returning from a vacation in late 1937, he found that the purge had "made astonishing headway" in only a few months and that, as a foreigner, he was no longer allowed into the plant. He talked with a fellow foreman and longtime friend, Kolya, who concluded: "Better leave. This is no place for foreigners now." He and his wife, Maria ( Masha) Ivanovna Dikareva Scott, decided that night to leave. The next day Masha applied for permission to go to the United States to live, which would turn out to take four years to come through. After three months of waiting while unemployed, Scott left Magnitogorsk for Moscow, planning to seek work as a translator or a secretary to a foreign journalist. In 1942, the family moved to America, an outcome that took help from the U.S. embassy to come about. Scott came close to being a purge victim; he stated that if he had switched citizenship during his good Soviet years, as some other foreign-born socialists had, he would have been sent, like them, into Siberian labor camps. This theme (differing fates for foreign-born residents depending on citizenship status by the time of the purge) is also confirmed in Robert Robinson's memoir.. Scott wrote ''Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel'' about his experiences in Magnitogorsk, presenting the
Stalinist Stalinism (, ) is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin and in Soviet satellite states between 1944 and 1953. Stalinism in ...
enterprise of building a huge steel producing plant and city as an awe-inspiring triumph of
collectivism In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, struct ...
. Scott contributed to the construction of Magnitogorsk as a welder working in treacherous conditions. His writing reflects the painful human price of industrial accidents, overwork, and the inefficiency of the hyperindustrialization program, the wretched condition of peasants driven from the land in the collectivization program and forced into becoming industrial laborers, and the harshness of Article 58 in the ideological purges. In ''Behind the Urals'' Scott recalls many examples of the danger workers faced in Magnitogorsk:
I was just going to start welding when I heard someone sing out, and something swished down past me. It was a rigger who had been working on the very top. He bounced off the bleeder pipe, which probably saved his life. Instead of falling all the way to the ground, he landed on the main platform about fifteen foot below me. By the time I got down to him, blood was coming out of his mouth in gushes. He tried to yell, but could not.
According to Scott, Stalin chose to industrialize Magnitogorsk for several reasons, and integrated the construction of Magnitogorsk into a five-year economic plan. First, Stalin began to emphasize industrial modernization in favor of agriculture by the mid-1930s. Second, Magnitogorsk was rich in iron ore and other minerals. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, Magnitogorsk lies far from any borders and was less vulnerable to enemy attack.
The Russian people shed blood, sweat, and tears to create something else, a modern industrial base outside the reach of an invader—Stalin's Ural Stronghold—and modern mechanized army...the population was taught by a painful and expensive process to work efficiently, to obey orders, to mind their own business, and to take it on the chin when necessary with a minimum of complaint. These are the things that it takes to fight a modern war.
These experiences, however, had not yet disillusioned Scott with the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),. Abbreviated in Russian as КПСС, ''KPSS''. at some points known as the Russian Communist Party (RCP), All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet ...
(CPSU), which he believed was "the source of initiative and energy which drove work forward." Scott expressed a deep sense of pride for his contributions as a welder in Magnitogorsk and was sympathetic to many Soviet ideals. Reflecting back on the poor working conditions, loss of life, and ideological purges, Scott explained that many average Soviet citizens saw moral value nonetheless in the Soviet alternative to the exploitative imperial default that would otherwise exist. To them "it was worthwhile to shed blood, sweat, and tears" to lay "the foundations for a new society farther along the road of human progress than anything in the West; a society which would guarantee its people not only personal freedom but absolute economic security." However, after leaving Magnitogorsk in 1938, Scott spent the next 3 years in Moscow as an "observer", waiting for the visa allowing him to bring his wife and children out of the USSR, and although his book as published in 1942 showed that he had abiding sympathy with the ideals of the Soviet experiment, by February 1938 in his then-classified debriefing by the U.S. embassy, he had already reached a private dread that "the future of the Soviet Union does not look bright to me." It is clear that he still sympathized with socialist ideals but had found Stalinism and the purge to be a wrong turn away from them. He said, "Unless the Party is restored to at least some of its former position as a leading force in the country and permitted to propagate certain basic socialist principles, there will be no cement to prevent demoralization and breakdown, no ideology to act as a religion or faith for youth." This was an accurate prediction, although the loss of zeal would take another half century to fully develop, long after
chekism Chekism () is a term that relates to the situation in the Soviet Union where the secret police strongly controlled all spheres of society. It is also used to point out similar circumstances in post-Soviet Counterintelligence state, intelligence ...
had displaced progressive idealism as the real driving force of the party. Even on the same page from 1942 on which he credited the CPSU with getting things done economically, he described Stalin's leadership as full of "ruthlessness and cold, colorless dogmatism." However, he saw most of the populace as focused solely on rising standard of living, which he saw had in fact occurred in the 1930s, and he said even in his private 1938 debriefing that "I believe that the economic battle is gradually being won." He said, "I believe that the popular feeling in the Urals is that the present regime has given them he common people and is giving them, more goods and comforts than they have had before. It is possible that as long as the Soviet regime is able to keep the people at work and give them enough
purchasing power Purchasing power refers to the amount of products and services available for purchase with a certain currency unit. For example, if you took one unit of cash to a store in the 1950s, you could buy more products than you could now, showing that th ...
to buy the things essential to their low standards it will endure." The "low standards" part of his statement is significant in fully understanding it. As Manya Gordon showed in 1941, the overall arc of Russian standard of living from the 1910s through the 1930s was not at all what it should have been if a brutal civil war and forced collectivization had not happened at all, but given that those things did in fact happen, it was possible, among those people who had not been imprisoned, starved to death, or shot, to see improvement in 1938—relative to the deranged baseline of how horrible things had gotten by 1923 in the civil war's aftermath. The latter nadir was the reference point by which the "low standards" were calibrated, and it was quite different from "what should have been" if Bolshevism had never destroyed the better angels of earlier Russian progressivism, which is how Scott's examples of improved living standards and Gordon's examples of degraded living standards were both accurate despite their apparent contradiction. It would be some years before Scott later became openly anti-Bolshevik. Reading his book of 1942 and the embassy dispatches in its addendum, which were from 1938 but were not published until decades later, it is traceable that in between the time when he was very enthusiastic about the Soviet future (i.e., in the early 1930s) and the time when he became anti-Bolshevik (years later) was a transition that started in 1937 at the height of the purge.


Moscow years and debriefing by the U.S. embassy in Moscow

From 1938 to 1941, owing to the Soviet crackdown on foreign nationals during and after the
Great Purge The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (), also known as the Year of '37 () and the Yezhovshchina ( , ), was a political purge in the Soviet Union that took place from 1936 to 1938. After the Assassination of Sergei Kirov, assassination of ...
, Scott was no longer allowed to work in the plant at Magnitogorsk. He would have left Russia, but he could not bring his wife and children out of the country because his wife's request for an exit visa was being held up. Waiting for his wife's visa, he spent about 2.5 years in Moscow as a translator, journalist, observer of daily life, and sometime novelist. During this time, the U.S. embassy debriefed him about his time living and working in the USSR. Diplomatic dispatches conveyed this debriefed information to the United States. Their content is published in the addendum to Scott's book. As his book's editor, Stephen Kotkin, said, "Embassy officials regularly debriefed American citizens living and working in the USSR." Most such people were American engineers doing consulting work in Soviet enterprises. Some were workers like Scott who had come to the USSR during the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
with excitement about participating in what was then projected to be the successful construction of a great Soviet socialist future. Such debriefings were one of the only ways for the United States to get nonofficial information about Soviet life and industry, as most real economic data was a state secret in the USSR by the late 1930s, and the U.S. had little successful
human intelligence Human intelligence is the Intellect, intellectual capability of humans, which is marked by complex Cognition, cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness. Using their intelligence, humans are able to learning, learn, Concept ...
in the country. It was ascertained in the United States, through the National Security Agency's
Venona Project The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program initiated during World War II by the United States Army's Signal Intelligence Service and later absorbed by the National Security Agency (NSA), that ran from February 1, 1943, u ...
, that the Soviet government was aware of Scott's debriefing and its transmission to the United States, and that, in the paranoia of
Stalinism Stalinism (, ) is the Totalitarianism, totalitarian means of governing and Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953), 1927 to 1953 by dictator Jose ...
, it characterized them as
espionage Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering, as a subfield of the intelligence field, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information ( intelligence). A person who commits espionage on a mission-specific contract is called an ...
, although Scott was never privy to any substantial Soviet secrets and was in fact only reporting facts that were fairly obvious to many Soviet workers and administrators, albeit undiscoverable outside the country. For example, these included hearsay about what sort of industrial plant was under construction in this or that city, how huge it was, and what kind of wages and apartments workers were finding available there. They also included objective information on
dekulakization Dekulakization (; ) was the Soviet campaign of Political repression in the Soviet Union#Collectivization, political repressions, including arrests, deportations, or executions of millions of supposed kulaks (prosperous peasants) and their familie ...
, the public and administrative mood during the height of the purge, and objective information on wrecking (both real and doubtfully alleged, both physical and administrative). The three dispatches date from January, February, and March 1938 and cover an array of topics, including the forced labor colony in Magnitogorsk; activities of Soviet secret police, wrecking, both as industrial sabotage and (as the Soviet view included) incompetent but unintentional malpractice; food stores; and the production capabilities of the metallurgical plant in Magnitogorsk. In 1942 Scott moved back to the United States with his wife and two children. Amongst nearly 1,300 messages sent between New York and Moscow in 1942, just twenty-three were successfully decrypted and translated by the Venona Project. A cable sent from New York to Moscow on May 22, 1942, addressed to code name "Viktor", who was the director of Soviet Intelligence during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
Lieutenant General Pavel Fitin, credited "Ivanov" with delivering "a mass of materials on the Soviet war industry" to the United States. Nearly three years later cable number 207 sent from Moscow to a Soviet Intelligence office in New York on March 8, 1945, revealed that the cover name "Ivanov" referred to John Scott.


Criticism


By Scott Nearing

Scott Nearing Scott Nearing (August 6, 1883 – August 24, 1983) was an American radical economist, educator, writer, political activist, pacifist, vegetarian and advocate of simple living. Biography Early years Nearing was born in Morris Run, Tioga County ...
, John Scott's father, eventually broke with him because of his criticism of Bolshevik and Bolshevik-inspired systems. Nearing, a pacifist, remained sympathetic to socialism in countries with violently repressive regimes whereas his son did not. Nearing was a sympathetic socialist guest of the Albanian state of the Stalinist-inspired Hoxha regime as late as the 1970s. John's association with
Henry Luce Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967) was an American magazine magnate who founded ''Time'', ''Life'', '' Fortune'', and ''Sports Illustrated'' magazines. He has been called "the most influential private citizen in the Amer ...
and, later,
Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until Resignation of Richard Nixon, his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican ...
also contributed to the estrangement between father and son. Scott Nearing said in a letter, "I want nothing to do with him." Nearing refused to go to his son's funeral.


By Whittaker Chambers

Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer and intelligence agent. After early years as a Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet spy (1932–1938), he defected from the Soviet u ...
claimed that Scott tried to influence
Time Magazine ''Time'' (stylized in all caps as ''TIME'') is an American news magazine based in New York City. It was published weekly for nearly a century. Starting in March 2020, it transitioned to every other week. It was first published in New York Cit ...
publisher
Henry Luce Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967) was an American magazine magnate who founded ''Time'', ''Life'', '' Fortune'', and ''Sports Illustrated'' magazines. He has been called "the most influential private citizen in the Amer ...
to remove Chambers as foreign news editor because of Chambers' anti-communist and anti-Soviet views.. Scott's own evolution in his views over the decades is relevant here as at the time of which Chambers spoke Scott still had hope for socialism in its non-Stalinist forms whereas by the 1970s his disillusionment was more extensive.


See also

*
Scott Nearing Scott Nearing (August 6, 1883 – August 24, 1983) was an American radical economist, educator, writer, political activist, pacifist, vegetarian and advocate of simple living. Biography Early years Nearing was born in Morris Run, Tioga County ...
, father *
Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk ( rus, Магнитого́рск, p=məɡnʲɪtɐˈɡorsk, ) is an industrial city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, on the eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River. Its population is curre ...
* Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States * Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma * Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia * George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union *
William Henry Chamberlin William Henry Chamberlin (February 17, 1897 – September 12, 1969) was an American historian and journalist. He was the author of several books about the Cold War, communism, and foreign policy, including ''The Russian Revolution 1917-1921'' (1 ...
(1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of Robert Robinson's assailants * Jack Littlepage (1894–?) American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937) * Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet petroleum and mining engineer executed during the
Great Purge The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (), also known as the Year of '37 () and the Yezhovshchina ( , ), was a political purge in the Soviet Union that took place from 1936 to 1938. After the Assassination of Sergei Kirov, assassination of ...


References


Sources

* * * *Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, New York: Random House (1997), pg. 182. *John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'', New Haven: Yale University Press, (1999), pgs. 194, 195, 237.


Further reading

* Tim Tzouliadis. ''The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia''. Little, Brown, 2009. "The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison or assaulting Robinson.. his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter
William Henry Chamberlin William Henry Chamberlin (February 17, 1897 – September 12, 1969) was an American historian and journalist. He was the author of several books about the Cold War, communism, and foreign policy, including ''The Russian Revolution 1917-1921'' (1 ...
, seemed only to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory." (p. 39-40) * Smith, Homer. ''Black Man in Red Russia.'' Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964). ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ * '' The Ghost of the Executed Engineer''
''An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934.''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, John 1912 births 1976 deaths American expatriates in the Soviet Union People of the Office of Strategic Services