John Ordronaux (16 December 1778 – 24 August 1841)
[Pedigrees provided by Captain Charles Reader, Corps of Engineers, Dept. of Military Science & Tactics, The Johns Hopkins University for the Bureau of Navigation, US Navy Department on 2/8/1940 and 12/9/1941. Capt. Reader was John Ordronaux's great grandson-in-law. Ref. Nav-2-LM DD617/S6-2(1)] was one of the most successful
privateer
A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign o ...
s of the
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom and its allies in North America. It began when the United States United States declaration of war on the Uni ...
between the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into one sovereign state, established by the Acts of Union 1800, Acts of Union in 1801. It continued in this form until ...
. During the war he commanded two ships, ''Marengo'', then ''
Prince de Neufchatel''. With these he captured or destroyed about thirty British merchant ships, outran about seventeen British warships and brought back goods to the US worth between $250,000 and $300,000. In August 1812, during his First Command with the ''Marengo'', he captured a young Scotsman from the English ship ''Concord'' called James Swanston Miller (1798-1855) and stranded him unexpectedly on the island of ''
Grand Canary
Gran Canaria (, ; ), also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, a Spain, Spanish archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa. the island had a population of that constitut ...
''. After this freak of chance, the Swanston and Miller families went on to build a famous and unplanned mercantile dynasty in the island which hugely boosted the local economy after the Napoleonic Wars and into the 20th century.
First command: ''Marengo''
Ordronaux was born at
Nantes
Nantes (, ; ; or ; ) is a city in the Loire-Atlantique department of France on the Loire, from the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast. The city is the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, sixth largest in France, with a pop ...
,
Brittany
Brittany ( ) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica in Roman Gaul. It became an Kingdom of Brittany, independent kingdom and then a Duch ...
,
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
to a French merchant skipper, John Ordronaux (senior) and an English mother, Joanna Hammond from the city of
Hull
Hull may refer to:
Structures
* The hull of an armored fighting vehicle, housing the chassis
* Fuselage, of an aircraft
* Hull (botany), the outer covering of seeds
* Hull (watercraft), the body or frame of a sea-going craft
* Submarine hull
Ma ...
,
England
England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
. At the outbreak of the war on 18 June 1812, he commanded the French
privateer
A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign o ...
''Marengo'' which had been outfitted in
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
in November 1811.
[Smith, Gene A. Thomas Ap Catesby Jones: Commodore of Manifest Destiny. Naval Institute Press, Maryland, 2000.] His patron was a French lady called Florye Charretton, who was allegedly a Parisian woman of considerable wealth.
[Prize and related records of the District Courts of the United States – Record Group 21, M855, US Circuit Court – Southern District of New York, Roll 2, Case 22 – Florye Charetton & crew of Privateer Marengo v. Capt. John Taylor and 20 pipes of wine from English Brig. Concord. 1813.]
Captured seamen landed at
Fayal
Faial Island (), also known as Fayal Island, is a Portugal, Portuguese island of the Central Group or ''Grupo Central'' of the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Capelinhos volcano is the westernmost point of the island and is considered the we ...
,
Azores
The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atl ...
On 23 June 1812 ''Marengo'' was in
New London and being watched by the British 36-gun
frigate
A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied.
The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and maneuvera ...
(Captain
Richard Byron).
[Maclay, E.S. A history of American privateers, New York, 1899.] However ''Belvidera'' was sighted and chased away by and her squadron (Captain
John Rodgers) allowing ''Marengo'' to capture the English
brigantine
A brigantine is a two-masted sailing vessel with a fully square-rigged foremast and at least two sails on the main mast: a square topsail and a gaff sail mainsail (behind the mast). The main mast is the second and taller of the two masts.
Ol ...
''Lady Sherbroke'' from
Halifax,
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, located on its east coast. It is one of the three Maritime Canada, Maritime provinces and Population of Canada by province and territory, most populous province in Atlan ...
. This prize was sent into New York on 10 August 1812. ''Marengo'' then went on to take the brigantines ''Eliza'' (Captain Sullivan) of Guernsey, and ''Lady Provost'' (Captain Jennings) of
Halifax,
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, located on its east coast. It is one of the three Maritime Canada, Maritime provinces and Population of Canada by province and territory, most populous province in Atlan ...
.
[US National Archives and Records Administration, Naval Records Collection and Library, entry 502, Subject File 1775-1910.] This document suggests that Ordronaux was a gentleman and that he treated his prisoners of war sympathetically. It describes him handing over eighteen named prisoners to the British
Consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...
at
Fayal
Faial Island (), also known as Fayal Island, is a Portugal, Portuguese island of the Central Group or ''Grupo Central'' of the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Capelinhos volcano is the westernmost point of the island and is considered the we ...
in the
Azores
The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atl ...
Islands on 17 August 1812. The prisoners included two masters and three mates and an exchange was made for the same number of American prisoners of war. Jacques Bidois is named as the commander of ''Marengo'' in this document but he is thought to have been Ordronaux's mate at this time. In mid October 1812, Bidois is listed as master of ''Marengo'' in a book which also records her as having only six guns and a crew of fifty men.
[Coggeshall, George. A History of American Privateers and Letters-of-Marque, First Edition, New York, 1856.] So her three captured prizes must have seemed a considerable success.
Captured passenger landed in
Grand Canary
Gran Canaria (, ; ), also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, a Spain, Spanish archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa. the island had a population of that constitut ...
boosted the island's economy
On 29 August 1812 ''Marengo'' captured the British brigantine ''Concord'' (Captain Taylor) between
Tenerife
Tenerife ( ; ; formerly spelled ''Teneriffe'') is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands, an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Spain. With a land area of and a population of 965,575 inhabitants as of A ...
and
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura () is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, geographically part of Macaronesia, and politically part of Spain. It is located away from the coast of North Africa. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO i ...
according to
Lloyd's List
''Lloyd's List'' is one of the world's oldest continuously running journals, having provided weekly shipping news in London as early as 1734. It was published daily until 2013 (when the final print issue, number 60,850, was published), and i ...
Marine Collection.
[Lloyds Marine Collection, Guildhall Library, London. Lloyd's manuscript subscription book ref: MS 14931/39/1812.] Some captured passengers from ''Concord'' were landed on the island of Grand Canary after being relieved of their money. Amongst these was the 14-year-old Scotsman from Cockburnspath, James Swanston Miller (1798-1855), who went on to found the famous mercantile houses of Swanston and Miller in the island.
[Archivo Historico Provincial de Las Palmas. Book entitled Canary Saga by Basil Miller, published by Haggerston Press (1990), page 16.][Archivo Historico Provincial de Las Palmas. Book entitled Scottish Saga by William Miller, published by Wrightons (2007), page 101 et seq.][Archivo Historico Provincial de Las Palmas. ''FORWARD'', Journal of Miller Family History, volume 1, page 197 et seq., and volume 2, pages 46-7 and volume 4, page 125 et seq & pages 165 & 200.] After being taken in and given a job by a French merchant called Francisco Gourié, he learnt the business of import/export and progressed to starting his own business, Swanston & Co., in 1820.
[Archivo Historico Provincial de Las Palmas. Book entitled Scottish Saga by William Miller published by Wrightsons (2007), page 106 et seq.] In 1824 his cousin Thomas Miller Swanston (1805-1885) joined him in the business.
[Archivo Historico Provincial de Las Palmas. Book entitled Canary Saga by Basil Miller published by Haggerston Press (1990), page 107.] The business was renamed Thomas Miller & Co. when James Swanston Miller retired to Scotland, a rich man, in about 1846.
[Archivo Historico Provincial de Las Palmas (AHPLP). Book entitled Canary Saga by Basil Miller published by Haggerston Press (1990), page 54 et seq.] The Miller dynasty remained in the islands for four generations during which time they established many companies including a bank, general store, insurance company and car dealership at Calle de Triana, 46, and the shipping agency Miller y Cia., S.A. on the Muelle de Santa Catalina.
[AHPLP. ''FORWARD'', Journal of Miller Family History, volume 3, page 164 et seq., and page 206 et seq.][AHPLP. Book entitled Canary Saga by Basil Miller (1990), page 56.] They were also responsible, with their Swanston cousins, for building the beginnings of the modern port of Las Palmas (the Puerto de La Luz) between 1883 and 1903.
[AHPLP. ''FORWARD''. Journal of Miller Family History, volume 3, page 164 et seq.] With others, they also built the Santa Catalina Hotel,
[AHPLP. ''FORWARD'', volume 3, page 164 et seq.] the English Church
[AHPLP.Book entitled Canary Saga, page 63 et seq.] and established the British cemetery
[AHPLP. The Story of Holy Trinity Church by Ann Ruddock, Las Palmas, 1987] and other institutions.
[AHPLP. Book entitled Miller y Compañia: Cien Años de Historia, by Miguel Rodriguez published by Miller y Compañia, (1989).][AHPLP. ''FORWARD'', volume 4, page 168 et seq][Diaz-Saavedra de Morales, Nicolas (1987). Aproximacion a la Historia del British Club (Club Ingles) de Las Palmas. Published by El Museo Canario] James Miller (1839-1915) and his brother Joseph Miller (1840-1920) were awarded the Spanish decoration of ''Caballo de la Real Orden de Isabel la Catolica'' for their contribution to the development of the island's economy by constructing the Port and its facilities, the Santa Catalina Hotel and for supporting Spanish institutions such as the Chamber of Commerce.
[AHPLP.''FORWARD'', volume 3, page 182][AHPLP. ''FORWARD'', volume 4, page 117] Thomas Miller's son James Miller (1839-1915) and grandson Gerald Miller (1889-1982) both became honorary British vice-Consuls, and both entertained royalty and other vip's in the island, including the British Prime Minister, Harold MacMillan in 1960.
[AHPLP.''FORWARD'', volume 3, page 44 et seq]
Rescue of stranded passengers thwarted by US Navy
It is possible that the Royal Navy made an attempt to rescue James Swanston Miller and his fellow captured passengers with the 38-gun frigate, ''
HMS Macedonian
HMS ''Macedonian'' was a 38-gun fifth-rate in the Royal Navy, later captured by the during the War of 1812.
Construction and commissioning
''Macedonian'' was built at Woolwich Dockyard, England in 1809, launched 2 June 1810, and commiss ...
''. This ship had been ordered to escort an
East Indiaman
East Indiamen were merchant ships that operated under charter or licence for European trading companies which traded with the East Indies between the 17th and 19th centuries. The term was commonly used to refer to vessels belonging to the Bri ...
to
Madeira
Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...
and then hunt for prizes. She left Madeira to carry out this latter order on 22 October. News of the recent visit of ''Marengo'' to
Fayal
Faial Island (), also known as Fayal Island, is a Portugal, Portuguese island of the Central Group or ''Grupo Central'' of the Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Capelinhos volcano is the westernmost point of the island and is considered the we ...
in the
Azores
The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atl ...
, or of the capture of Concord and her British passengers near the
Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (; ) or Canaries are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous Community of Spain. They are located in the northwest of Africa, with the closest point to the cont ...
, is likely to have reached ''
Madeira
Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...
'' by that time, because the news reached Lloyd's of London on 24 October.
This means that the news is likely to have reached the atlantic islands about three weeks earlier. Such news would have been likely to entice ''
HMS Macedonian
HMS ''Macedonian'' was a 38-gun fifth-rate in the Royal Navy, later captured by the during the War of 1812.
Construction and commissioning
''Macedonian'' was built at Woolwich Dockyard, England in 1809, launched 2 June 1810, and commiss ...
'' to give chase. However, only a few days later, on 25 October, ''
HMS Macedonian
HMS ''Macedonian'' was a 38-gun fifth-rate in the Royal Navy, later captured by the during the War of 1812.
Construction and commissioning
''Macedonian'' was built at Woolwich Dockyard, England in 1809, launched 2 June 1810, and commiss ...
'' was dismasted and captured by the much larger 44-gun heavy American frigate, ''
USS United States''.
[Wikipedia. HMS Macedonian] So if this was a rescue attempt it failed almost before it began.
After departing from Grand Canary in August 1812, ''Concord'' was taken to New York to auction as a prize
Captain Taylor said in court evidence that he was allowed to mess with ''Marengo's'' officers on this trans-Atlantic voyage providing further evidence that her crew acted in a gentlemanly way to her prisoners.
On arrival in New York the neutral Spanish owners of part of ''Concords cargo of wine (destined for delivery to James Miller, merchant in Fuerteventura) sued Florye Charretton and Ordronaux for the loss of their property and the 190 or so pages of court documents that have survived in the US archives provide much information about the effect of privateering on mercantile trade in this period.
Because of his involvement in this litigation and in arranging for the sale by auction of his prizes and their cargoes, Ordronaux was inactive as a privateer for approximately the next twelve months.
[Prize and related records of the District Courts of the United States – Record Group 21, M855, US Circuit Court – Southern District of New York, Roll 2, Case 36 – Florye Charetton & crew of Privateer Marengo v. Brig. Eliza, 1813.] The sale of ''Concord'' alone raised the sum of $24,409. This was shared between her owners and each named member of her crew in proportions given in the surviving court documents.
But most significantly, Ordronaux now had sufficient funds to buy a ship of his own.
Second command: ''Prince de Neufchatel''
The response of the British to the successes of the small, early American privateers was to defend their ships more heavily. So during 1813 a number of ship builders on the East coast of the US built larger, faster, more heavily armed privateering vessels. Now enriched by his prize winnings and supported by his patron, Mme Charretton, Ordronaux purchased one of this new breed of ships, the ''
Prince de Neufchatel'', which was constructed in New York between 1812 and 1813 by the firm of
Adam and Noah Brown
Adam and Noah Brown were American shipbuilders, based in New York City, founded a company with its name based in New York, which was active between 1804 and 1833. They built several notable vessels, including Robert Fulton's , the first steam-powe ...
to a design attributed to Christian Bergh. On 28 October 1813, he took command of the ''Prince de Neufchatel'', and showing considerable skill, sailed her to
Cherbourg
Cherbourg is a former Communes of France, commune and Subprefectures in France, subprefecture located at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French departments of France, department of Manche. It was merged into the com ...
virtually unarmed, arriving there on 27 January 1814 for fitting out.
[McManemin, John. ''Captains of the privateers of the War of 1812''. Ho-Ho-Kus Publishing Company, 1994.] Showing further panache, Ordronaux managed to capture his next prize ''Hazard'' (Captain John Anderson) on 18 January, before his ship was properly fitted out.
After fitting out and arming with eighteen guns (compared to ''Marengo's'' six)
[National Archives of the UK. Captain's Log, HMS ''Leander''. ADM51/2524.] Ordronaux undertook his first cruise from Cherbourg into the
English Channel
The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busi ...
in early March 1814.
Incurring the fury of
Lloyd's List
''Lloyd's List'' is one of the world's oldest continuously running journals, having provided weekly shipping news in London as early as 1734. It was published daily until 2013 (when the final print issue, number 60,850, was published), and i ...
[Lloyds List, 2 May 1814. Lloyd's Marine Collection. The Guildhall Library, London.] Ordronaux captured six British vessels sending the valuable ones into French ports and burning the rest, despite constant harassment by the
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
ships and
HMS ''Sybille''.
Ordronaux's next cruise was his most successful taking him along the coast of
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...
and back to the English Channel from July 1814.
On returning to
Baltimore
Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-large ...
, USA in October 1814 the ''Baltimore Patriot'' of the 24th of that month printed an extract of Ordronaux's log which showed that he had captured no less than twenty prizes since July.
[''Baltimore Patriot'', 24 October 1814. "Extract from the ship's log of Prince de Neufchatel, July to September, 1814".]
Battle with HMS ''Endymion''
Ordronaux's most famous accomplishment took place in the fall of 1814. The ''Prince de Neufchatel'' was making her first privateering cruise out of a U.S. port with a very small crew of 33 men. Four days out of
Boston
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, she captured the English merchantmen ''Douglass'' and took it under tow. On 11 October, and with ''Douglass'' still under tow, ''Prince de Neufchatel'' met the British 40 gun frigate off the southeastern tip of
Martha's Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard, often simply called the Vineyard, is an island in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, lying just south of Cape Cod. It is known for being a popular, affluent summer colony, and includes the smaller peninsula Chappaquiddick Isla ...
.
Of this battle,
Captain Henry Hope of the HMS ''Endymion'' said, "the extraordinary feature of this affair lies in the fact that a vessel fitted out at private expense actually frustrated the utmost endeavours of an English
frigate
A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied.
The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and maneuvera ...
, of vastly superior force in guns and men, to capture the privateer. We lost as many men in our efforts to seize the ''Prince de Neufchâtel'' as we would have done had my ship engaged a regular man-or-war of equal force. The people in the privateer conducted their defence in the most heroic and skilful manner."
Capture of ''Prince de Neufchatel''
''Prince de Neufchatel'' was eventually captured by the British frigate on 28 December 1814,
having brought to the United States goods worth between $250,000 and $300,000, and outrun seventeen British warships due to her superior speed and seamanship.
The vessel's
Letter of Marque
A letter of marque and reprisal () was a Sovereign state, government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or French corsairs, corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with t ...
(from the US Government),
Registry Certificate and
Muster Roll were found on board and are now held by the UK National Archives.
[UK National Archives. High Court of Admiralty. HCA32/1342.] These name Ordronaux as one of the owners and Captain Nicholas Millin as master of the vessel since 12 December 1814. These records suggest that Ordronaux was not on board when ''Prince de Neufchatel'' was captured, and cannot be held responsible for its loss. Other documents in the UK National Archives relate to the interrogation of Benjamin Wells, a sailmaker on ''Prince'', the consideration of the
British Admiralty
The Admiralty was a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, department of the Government of the United Kingdom that was responsible for the command of the Royal Navy.
Historically, its titular head was the Lord High Admiral of the ...
to take ''Prince'' into service with the
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
, details of the sale of ''Prince'' as a prize, the captain's log of HMS ''Leander'', and the "Head Money" papers of ''Prince de Neufchatel''.
Late life and death
After the war, and now a rich man, Ordronaux settled in
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
in 1816
[The Kingman and Ordronaux Families: Some Records of the Descendants of Henry Kingman, Englishman, Who Settled at Weymouth, Massachusetts in 1635, and of Captain John Ordronaux, Frenchman, a Privateer in the War of 1812, Who Settled in New York City in 1816., Kingman, Leroy W., (1911).] and married Jean Marie Elizabeth Charretton the daughter of his former patron.
They had four daughters, all of whom married, and an unmarried son,
John
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second E ...
. After allegedly enjoying a second career in the sugar industry, he died at
Cartagena,
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...
, South America in 1841.
His body, while being transported home, is thought to have been thrown overboard by superstitious sailors when their ship nearly sank in a storm. In honor of the man, the World War II U.S. warship, , was named after him.
References
External links
Extract from the ship's log of Prince de Neufchatel, July to September, 1814, as printed in the Baltimore Patriot of 24 October, 1814 – In McManemin, John. ''Captains of the privateers of the War of 1812''. Ho-Ho-Kus Publishing Company, 1994.*
ttp://www.1812privateers.org/1812IMAGES/princedraught.jpg Drawing of Prince de Neufchatel in the UK National Maritime MuseumThe battle with HMS ''Endymion'' in: Maclay, E.S., A History of American Privateers, New York, 1899
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ordronaux, John
French emigrants to the United States
American privateers
1778 births
1841 deaths