John Charles Phillips
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John Charles Phillips (November 5, 1876 – November 14, 1938) was an American hunter,
zoologist Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one ...
,
ornithologist Ornithology, from Ancient Greek ὄρνις (''órnis''), meaning "bird", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study", is a branch of zoology dedicated to the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related discip ...
, and environmentalist. He published over two hundred books and articles about animal breeding, sport hunting, ornithology, wildlife conservation, faunal surveys and systematic reviews, and Mendelian genetics.


Life and work

Phillips was born November 5, 1876, in
Boston, Massachusetts Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
. His father was businessman John Charles Phillips Jr. (1838-1885), who married Anna Tucker in
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
,
England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
, on October 23, 1874. Phillips was the great-grandson of John Phillips (1770-1823), the first mayor of
Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, and the grand-nephew of abolitionist
Wendell Phillips Wendell Phillips (November 29, 1811 – February 2, 1884) was an American abolitionist, labor reformer, temperance activist, advocate for Native Americans, orator, and attorney. According to George Lewis Ruffin, a black attorney, Phillip ...
(1811-1884). Phillips prepared for college at
Milton Academy Milton Academy (informally referred to as Milton) is a coeducational, co-educational, Independent school, independent, and College-preparatory school, college-preparatory boarding and day school in Milton, Massachusetts, educating students in g ...
and graduated from the
Lawrence Scientific School The Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) is the engineering education, engineering school within Harvard University's Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, offering degrees in eng ...
of
Harvard University Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...
in 1899 with a
Bachelor of Science A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.S., B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years. The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Scienc ...
. He continued his education while he attended
Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the medical school of Harvard University and is located in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is the third oldest medical school in the Un ...
, which he graduated from in 1904 with a
Doctor of Medicine A Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated MD, from the Latin language, Latin ) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the ''MD'' denotes a professional degree of ph ...
. After graduating he began his two-year post as a physician at the
Boston City Hospital The Boston City Hospital (1864–1996), in Boston, Massachusetts, was a public hospital located in the South End. It was "intended for the use and comfort of poor patients, to whom medical care will be provided at the expense of the city, and ...
, but never practiced medicine professionally. Phillips married Eleanor Hyde on January 11, 1908, and had four children, John Charles, Madelyn Eleanor, and Arthur. During the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, Phillips joined the Second Harvard Surgical Corp and was assigned to General Hospital No. 2 of the British Expeditionary Force in 1915. After his service, he returned home. When the United States was drawn into World War I, he joined the Medical Corps of the U.S. forces as first lieutenant. In 1918 he was promoted to Major. He was part of three important battles in France and part of the army that led to the occupation of Germany. In July 1919, after twenty-six months at war, he returned to the United States. On November 14, 1938, Phillips was grouse hunting with a friend in southern
New Hampshire New Hampshire ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...
(near
Exeter Exeter ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and the county town of Devon in South West England. It is situated on the River Exe, approximately northeast of Plymouth and southwest of Bristol. In Roman Britain, Exeter w ...
) where suffered heart failure and passed away.


Zoologist, hunter and environmentalist

At a young age Phillips had developed a great interest in nature, hunting, fishing and kayaking. Through these hobbies he learned self-travel, an experience which later helped him with distant excursions. In 1915 he published his self-financed ''Boy Journals, 1887-1892'', a work on his most important experiences from his youth. Phillips took various short journeys throughout the West of the United States and Canada. In 1900 he published the first two short article about his hunting experiences at Wenham Lake, as well as
bighorn sheep The bighorn sheep (''Ovis canadensis'') is a species of Ovis, sheep native to North America. It is named for its large Horn (anatomy), horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to ; the sheep typically weigh up to . Recent genetic testing indicates th ...
(''Ovis canadensis'') in
Wyoming Wyoming ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States, Western United States. It borders Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho t ...
. The area of the Glacier National Park fascinated him even before the time it was put under protection. Many of the geographical features today bear the name which he had assigned to them. In 1896 he accompanied
Robert Edwin Peary Robert Edwin Peary Sr. (; May 6, 1856 – February 20, 1920) was an American explorer and officer in the United States Navy who made several expeditions to the Arctic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was long credited as being ...
(1856-1920) on his
Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...
expeditions. Ten years later, he and his friend Theodore Lyman (1874-1954) visited
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
and its colony Chōsen with a foray into the south of
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
to hunt tigers. Further excursions, which he undertook together with
Glover Morrill Allen Glover Morrill Allen (February 8, 1879 – February 14, 1942) was an American zoologist. Born in Walpole, New Hampshire, the son of Reverend Nathaniel Glover Allen and Harriet Ann (Schouler) Allen, he studied at Harvard University. While still a ...
(1879-1942), were in the valley of the
Blue Nile The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It travels for approximately through Ethiopia and Sudan. Along with the White Nile, it is one of the two major Tributary, tributaries of the Nile and supplies about 85.6% of the wa ...
and the border of
Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
between 1912 and 1913, as well as the
Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai ( ; ; ; ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Afri ...
and
Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...
in 1914. He brought important bird and mammal collections back from both, which were handed over to the Louis Agassiz Museum of Comparative Zoology. In 1938, he visited
Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
and
Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...
with
Thomas Barbour Thomas Barbour (August 19, 1884 – January 8, 1946) was an American herpetologist. He was the first president of the Dexter School in 1926. From 1927 until 1946, he was director of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) founded in 1 ...
(1884-1946). His last long journey took him to
Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...
via
Uganda Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the ...
and the east of the
Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (, ; ) was a Belgian colonial empire, Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960 and became the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Repu ...
with his wife and son John in the years 1923–1924 to hunt African
game A game is a structured type of play usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or video games) or art ...
in its natural habitat. In 1932, he published a list of his publications, which at the time contained 169 titles. Later, another 35 publications were added. While the first publications were marked by hunting and outdoor observations, he later shifted his interest to studies on genetic issues in wild animals, as well as species protection and environmentalism.


Taxa described

Philips described numerous species and subspecies which were new to science. In chronological order: * Mottled owl (''Ciccaba virgata tamaulipensis'' Phillips, JC, 1911) * Spectacled barwing (''Actinodura ramsayi yunnanensis''
Bangs Bang, bang!, or bangs may refer to: Products * M1922 Bang rifle, a US semi-automatic rifle designed by Søren Hansen Bang * Bang, a List of model car brands, model car brand * Bang (beverage), an energy drink Geography * Bang, Central African ...
& Phillips, JC, 1914) *
Crested finchbill The crested finchbill (''Spizixos canifrons'') is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in south-eastern Asia from China and India to Indochina. Taxonomy The crested finchbill was formally described in 1845 by t ...
(''Spizixos canifrons ingrami'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) * Spotted forktail (''Enicurus maculatus bacatus'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) * Long-tailed minivet (''Pericrocotus ethologus'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) * Long-tailed minivet (''Pericrocotus ethologus favillaceus'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) *
Rufous-bellied niltava The rufous-bellied niltava (''Niltava sundara'') is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tro ...
(''Niltava sundara denotata'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) * Streak-breasted scimitar babbler (''Pomatorhinus ruficollis reconditus'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) *
Rufous-throated partridge The rufous-throated partridge (''Arborophila rufogularis'') is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in montane forests in India and Southeast Asia. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as a ...
(''Arborophila rufogularis euroa'' ( Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914)) * Black-streaked scimitar babbler (''Pomatorhinus gravivox odicus'' Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914) * Striated bulbul (''Pycnonotus striatus paulus'' (Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914)) * Kelp goose (''Chloephaga hybrida malvinarum'' Phillips, JC, 1916)


Eponyms

Taxa named in honor of John Charles Phillips: *
Blesbok The blesbok or blesbuck (''Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi'') is a subspecies of the bontebok antelope endemic to South Africa, Eswatini and Namibia. It has a distinctive white face and forehead, which inspired the name because ''bles'' is the Afr ...
(''Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi''
Harper Harper may refer to: Names * Harper (name), a surname and given name and place names, for example: Harper Islands, Nunavut. Places ;in Canada * Harper Islands, Nunavut * Harper, Prince Edward Island ;In the United States *Harper, former name ...
, 1939) *Phillips' mole viper ('' Atractaspis phillipsi'' Barbour, 1913)Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("Phillips, J. C.", p. 206).


Selected publications

*
After Sheep in Wyoming
, Forest and Stream 54: p. 247, 1900. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
Notes on the Autumn Migration of the Canada Goose in Eastern Massachusetts
, The Auk 27 (3): pp. 263–271, 1910. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
A Years' Collecting in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico
, The Auk 28 (1): pp. 67–89, 1911. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
On germinal transplantation in vertebrates
, Carnegie institution of Washington. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
A new puma from Lower California
, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 25: pp. 85–86, 1912. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
Further experiments on ovarian transplantation in guinea pigs
(in German), Science 38 (7): pp. 783–786, 1913 Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
Reciprocal Crosses between Reeves's Pheasant and the Common Ring-Neck Pheasant Producing Unlike Hybrids
, The American Naturalist 47 (563): pp. 701–704, 1913 Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
A Cross Involving Four Pairs of Mendelian Characters in Mice
, The American Naturalist 47 (564): pp. 760–762 Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
Piebald rats and selection; an experimental test of the effectiveness of selection and of the theory of gametic purity in Mendelian crosses
, Carnegie institution of Washington. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
A further study of size inheritance in ducks with observations on the sex ratio of hybrid birds
, Journal of Experimental Zoology 16 (1): pp. 131–148, 1914 Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
Notes on a collection of birds from Yunnan
, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 58 (6): pp. 267–302. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
A new race of Pelzelns Weaver-Finch
, Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 5: p. 177. Retrieved 2016-01-31 *
A natural history of the ducks
. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company. Vol. I, 1922. Vol. II, 1923. Vol. III, 1925. Vol. IV, 1926. Retrieved 2016-01-31 * "Conservation of our mammals and birds in Hunting and Conservation", the Book of the Boone and Crockett Club, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 29–65 * "Wenham Great Pond", Salem, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum, 1938


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, John Charles 1876 births Scientists from Boston 1938 deaths Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni Harvard Medical School alumni American ornithologists Phillips family (New England) Natural history of Palestine (region)