Johann Kriegler
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Johann Christiaan Kriegler (born 29 November 1932) is a retired South African judge who served in the
Constitutional Court of South Africa The Constitutional Court of South Africa is the supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa, and is the apex court in the South African judicial system, with general jurisdiction. The Court was first establ ...
from February 1995 to November 2002. Formerly a practising
silk Silk is a natural fiber, natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be weaving, woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is most commonly produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoon (silk), c ...
in
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu language, Zulu and Xhosa language, Xhosa: eGoli ) (colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, Jo'burg or "The City of Gold") is the most populous city in South Africa. With 5,538,596 people in the City of Johannesburg alon ...
, he joined the bench as a judge of the Transvaal Provincial Division in 1984. He was also the first chairperson of the post-apartheid Independent Electoral Commission and
Electoral Commission of South Africa The Electoral Commission of South Africa (often referred to as the Independent Electoral Commission or IEC) is South Africa's election management body, an independent organisation established under chapter nine of the Constitution. It conducts ...
. An
Afrikaner Afrikaners () are a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers who first arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.Entry: Cape Colony. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting''. Encyclopæd ...
from
Pretoria Pretoria ( ; ) is the Capital of South Africa, administrative capital of South Africa, serving as the seat of the Executive (government), executive branch of government, and as the host to all foreign embassies to the country. Pretoria strad ...
, Kriegler was called to the Johannesburg Bar as an advocate in 1959 and took silk in 1972. In addition to his trial advocacy, he gained prominence for his involvement in
human rights law International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily made up of treaties, ag ...
, particularly as founding chairperson of Lawyers for Human Rights from 1981. Upon gaining judicial appointment, he served in the
Supreme Court of South Africa The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was th ...
from 1984 to 1995, first in the Transvaal Division and then, from 1993, in the Appellate Division. President
Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( , ; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa f ...
elevated him to the inaugural bench of the Constitutional Court upon the court's inception, and he served in the apex court until his retirement in November 2002. While a sitting judge, Kriegler was appointed to chair the Electoral Commission in December 1993, and he oversaw both the administration of the first post-apartheid election in April 1994 and the commission's own establishment as a permanent institution. Both before and after his retirement, he was active in international engagements on electoral disputes and
judicial independence Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary should be independent from the other branches of government. That is, courts should not be subject to improper influence from the other branches of government or from private or partisan inte ...
, notably as chairperson of Kenya's
Kriegler Commission The Kriegler Commission, officially The Independent Review Commission (IREC), was an international commission of inquiry established by the Government of Kenya in February 2008 to Inquire into all aspects of the 2007 General elections with particul ...
in 2008. In addition, from 2008 to 2023, he was the founding chairperson of Freedom Under Law, a prominent non-profit organisation which aims to promote the
rule of law The essence of the rule of law is that all people and institutions within a Body politic, political body are subject to the same laws. This concept is sometimes stated simply as "no one is above the law" or "all are equal before the law". Acco ...
in South Africa.


Early life and education

The son of an
Afrikaner Afrikaners () are a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers who first arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.Entry: Cape Colony. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting''. Encyclopæd ...
professional soldier, Kriegler was born in
Pretoria Pretoria ( ; ) is the Capital of South Africa, administrative capital of South Africa, serving as the seat of the Executive (government), executive branch of government, and as the host to all foreign embassies to the country. Pretoria strad ...
on 29 November 1932. He matriculated in 1949 at the King Edward VII School in
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu language, Zulu and Xhosa language, Xhosa: eGoli ) (colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, Jo'burg or "The City of Gold") is the most populous city in South Africa. With 5,538,596 people in the City of Johannesburg alon ...
and attended the South African Military Academy for two years thereafter. In 1954, he graduated with a BA degree from the
University of Pretoria The University of Pretoria (, ) is a multi-campus public university, public research university in Pretoria, the administrative and ''de facto'' capital of South Africa. The university was established in 1908 as the Pretoria campus of the Johan ...
, where he was politically active as an opponent of the
apartheid Apartheid ( , especially South African English:  , ; , ) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterised by an ...
-era National Party government. After that, he completed his LLB in 1958, earned by correspondence through the
University of South Africa The University of South Africa (UNISA) is the largest university system in South Africa by enrollment. It attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. Through various colleges and affiliates, UNISA has over 400,000 student ...
while he was working as a judicial clerk.


Legal practice

In 1959, Kriegler was called to the Johannesburg Bar, where he practised as an
advocate An advocate is a professional in the field of law. List of country legal systems, Different countries and legal systems use the term with somewhat differing meanings. The broad equivalent in many English law–based jurisdictions could be a ba ...
for the next 25 years; he took silk in 1972. He was a prominent
trial lawyer A lawyer is a person who is qualified to offer advice about the law, draft legal documents, or represent individuals in legal matters. The exact nature of a lawyer's work varies depending on the legal jurisdiction and the legal system, as wel ...
with a varied client list that included poet
Breyten Breytenbach Breyten Breytenbach (; 16 September 193924 November 2024) was a South African writer, poet, and painter. He became internationally well-known as a dissident poet and vocal critic of South Africa under apartheid, and as a political prisoner of ...
,
homeland A homeland is a place where a national or ethnic identity has formed. The definition can also mean simply one's country of birth. When used as a proper noun, the Homeland, as well as its equivalents in other languages, often has ethnic natio ...
leaders
Mangosuthu Buthelezi Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi (; 27 August 1928 – 9 September 2023) was a South African politician and Zulu people, Zulu prince who served as the traditional prime minister to the Zulu royal family from 1954 until his death in 2023. He ...
and Lucas Mangope, activist cleric Beyers Naudé, white politicians Eschel Rhoodie and Eugene Terreblanche, and the
Church of Scientology The Church of Scientology is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of Scientology, which is variously defined as a cult, a business, or a new religiou ...
. Breytenbach, whom Kriegler defended against treason charges, described Kriegler in his memoir as "the rarest of all Afrikaners; a completely honest man profoundly inspired by humane principles". During his career as an advocate, Kriegler chaired the Johannesburg Bar Council in 1977 and 1980, and he also served a term as secretary of the General Council of the Bar of South Africa. At the same time, he was involved in
human rights Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered ...
and
public interest In social science and economics, public interest is "the welfare or well-being of the general public" and society. While it has earlier philosophical roots and is considered to be at the core of democratic theories of government, often paired ...
advocacy, particularly as a founding trustee of the Legal Resources Centre from 1978 to 1988 and as the founding chairperson of Lawyers for Human Rights from 1981. He also drafted the constitution of the
Christian Institute The Christian Institute (CI) is a charity operating in the United Kingdom, promoting a conservative evangelical Christian viewpoint, founded on a belief in Biblical inerrancy. The CI is a registered charity. The group does not report numbers of ...
, served as national president of Verligte Aksie, and served on the Transvaal board of the Urban Foundation. Kriegler later described himself as having been committed to free market capitalism: a "vehement opponent of socialism and certainly its extreme form of
Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...
... uta human-rights lawyer, an anticommunist human-rights lawyer, with a fairly strong religious background to it". Of his involvement in advocacy, he said that, "I was not a revolutionary. I was perfectly happy... to agitate, to advocate, to bring pressure to bear, to try to bring conscience to bear on decent members of my own language group. To some extent it succeeded."


Supreme Court: 1984–1995

Kriegler served intermittently as an acting judge between 1976 and 1983, and in 1984 he was appointed permanently as a judge of the Transvaal Provincial Division of the
Supreme Court of South Africa The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was th ...
. He was an acting judge in the Appellate Division from 1990 until 1993, when he was elevated permanently.


Jurisprudence

Although his judgments covered a large variety of areas of law, he was a particular authority on
criminal procedure Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on bail ...
, and in 1993 he authored the fifth edition of Hiemstra's ''Suid-Afrikaanse strafproses'', an authoritative textbook on the subject. The ''
Mail & Guardian The ''Mail & Guardian'', formerly the ''Weekly Mail'', is a South African weekly newspaper and website, published by M&G Media in Johannesburg, South Africa. It focuses on political analysis, investigative reporting, Southern African news, loca ...
'' later said that he and John Didcott were the only apartheid-era judges "of whom it could truly be said there were no major moral blemishes on their legal records... judges who were invariably guided by the principles of equality and dignity". Defending Kriegler's human rights credentials, George Bizos pointed in particular to Kriegler's refusal to resign from the Legal Resources Centre, despite a contrary instruction from the apartheid government and Chief Justice Pierre Rabie.


1994 general election

In December 1993, during the final stages of the negotiations to end apartheid, Kriegler was appointed as chairperson of the Independent Electoral Commission, which was tasked with administering South African's first elections under
universal suffrage Universal suffrage or universal franchise ensures the right to vote for as many people bound by a government's laws as possible, as supported by the " one person, one vote" principle. For many, the term universal suffrage assumes the exclusion ...
. He later explained that he had accepted the job because of a "grave misunderstanding": he had spoken with the
Minister of Home Affairs An interior minister (sometimes called a minister of internal affairs or minister of home affairs) is a cabinet official position that is responsible for internal affairs, such as public security, civil registration and identification, emergency ...
over telephone while on holiday in the Natal South Coast, and, due to poor telephone service, had believed himself to be accepting a position on the Electoral Court. Dikgang Moseneke was appointed as Kriegler's deputy. The elections were held less than six months later, on 26 April 1994, despite ongoing political violence and a short-lived boycott by the
Inkatha Freedom Party The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP; ) is a conservative political party in South Africa, which is a part of the current South African Third Cabinet of Cyril Ramaphosa, government of national unity together with the African National Congress (ANC). A ...
. In Kriegler's summation, "Probably because we knew no better, we pulled it off." Shortly afterwards, in July 1994, the post-apartheid government appointed him as chairperson of the Commission of Inquiry into Unrest in Prisons.


Constitutional Court: 1995–2002

Later in 1994, In the aftermath of the general election and pursuant to an interview with the Judicial Service Commission, President
Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( , ; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa f ...
appointed Kriegler as a judge of the
Constitutional Court of South Africa The Constitutional Court of South Africa is the supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa, and is the apex court in the South African judicial system, with general jurisdiction. The Court was first establ ...
, which would be newly established under the Interim Constitution. He was among the 11 judges sworn into the apex court's inaugural bench on 14 February 1995, and he served there until he retired from the judiciary on 29 November 2002, his 70th birthday.


Jurisprudence

During his tenure in the Constitutional Court, Kriegler wrote opinions in a total of 29 cases: 20 majority judgments (of which 15 were unanimous), five concurring opinions, and four dissenting opinions. In a minority opinion in ''Fose v Minister of Safety and Security'', Kriegler expressed the view that the Constitutional Court's role was to "attempt to synchronise the real world with the ideal construct of a constitutional world created in the image of onstitutional supremacy, though he also argued extra-curially that it was not within any court's remit "to be seen or to aspire to being seen to be activist". The ''Mail & Guardian'' regarded him ultimately as "a flamboyant maverick" comfortable with confronting the
executive branch The executive branch is the part of government which executes or enforces the law. Function The scope of executive power varies greatly depending on the political context in which it emerges, and it can change over time in a given country. In ...
, pointing to his minority opinions in '' President v Hugo'' and '' Du Plessis v De Klerk'' as examples of his judicial "boldness". The following is a list of Constitutional Court opinions that Kriegler wrote on behalf of the court's majority.


Electoral Commission

After the 1994 election, Kriegler was centrally involved in founding the permanent
Electoral Commission of South Africa The Electoral Commission of South Africa (often referred to as the Independent Electoral Commission or IEC) is South Africa's election management body, an independent organisation established under chapter nine of the Constitution. It conducts ...
, which superseded the Independent Electoral Commission in 1996; he was appointed as its inaugural chairperson. By the end of his time at the commission, he was viewed as an "expert in electoral drip-feed tension". Indeed, in this role, Kriegler had increasingly strained relations with Mandela's
African National Congress The African National Congress (ANC) is a political party in South Africa. It originated as a liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid and has governed the country since 1994, when the 1994 South African general election, fir ...
government: among other things, he was a vocal critic of the government's decision to strengthen voter identification requirements (in particular by requiring the universal use of bar-coded identification documents for
voter registration In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise Suffrage, eligible to Voting, vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted ...
), and in July 1998, he threatened to resign if the government did not augment the commission's budget. On 26 January 1999, ahead of that year's general election, Kriegler resigned from the Electoral Commission. Addressing the press after the announcement, he denied that his decision was related to the voter identification or budget disputes; instead, he said that he had found it increasingly burdensome to lead the commission while serving as a sitting judge, and that "persisting differences of opinion about the role and function of the commission" had added to this burden. He was succeeded by his former deputy, Brigalia Bam.


International activities

During and after his stint at the South African Electoral Commission, Kriegler was also involved in
democracy promotion Democracy promotion, also referred to as democracy building, can be domestic policy to increase the quality of already existing democracy or a strand of foreign policy adopted by governments and international organizations that seek to support t ...
initiatives abroad: he participated in a
National Democratic Institute The National Democratic Institute (NDI) is a non-profit American non-governmental organization whose stated mission is to "support and strengthen democratic institutions worldwide through citizen participation, openness and accountability". It is ...
mission to Angola in 1999; in
International Commission of Jurists The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is an international human rights non-governmental organization. It is supported by an International Secretariat based in Geneva, Switzerland, and staffed by lawyers drawn from a wide range of jurisdi ...
missions on
judicial independence Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary should be independent from the other branches of government. That is, courts should not be subject to improper influence from the other branches of government or from private or partisan inte ...
in
Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...
(2002) and
Malawi Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest. Malawi spans over and ...
(2002); and judicial and advocacy training in various other countries. In addition, he was briefed by the
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
Electoral Assistance Division on election-related assignments in various countries. When he supervised
East Timor Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the coastal exclave of Oecusse in the island's northwest, and ...
's
independence referendum An independence referendum is a type of referendum in which the residents of a territory decide whether the territory should become an Independence, independent sovereign state. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independenc ...
, he was harshly criticised by South African Justice Minister Penuell Maduna, who told the press that the extra-curial activities of Kriegler and Justice
Richard Goldstone Richard Joseph Goldstone (born 26 October 1938) is a South African retired judge who served in the Constitutional Court of South Africa from July 1994 to October 2003. He joined the bench as a judge of the Supreme Court of South Africa, first i ...
demonstrated that Constitutional Court justices were under-worked and lazy.


Retirement

After his retirement in November 2002, Kriegler spent two further years training South African aspirant judges, prosecutors, and advocates, in which capacity he co-drafted the judicial code of conduct. He is an extraordinary professor of law at his alma mater, the University of Pretoria, and is also a longtime board member of the university's
Centre for Human Rights The Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law, South Africa, is an organisation dedicated to promoting human rights on the continent of Africa. The centre, founded in 1986, promotes human rights through educational ...
. He has also served as a trustee for a number of charitable organisations, including the
Nelson Mandela Children's Fund The Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (NMCF) is a charitable organisation founded by Nelson Mandela, based in South Africa. Its mission is to help individuals from birth to age 22.International Foundation for Electoral Systems The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) is an international, non-profit organization, non-profit organisation founded in 1987. Based in Arlington County, Virginia, Arlington, Virginia, United States, the organization assists a ...
. He also arbitrates commercial disputes.


Freedom Under Law and Hlophe dispute

In 2008, Kriegler became the founding chairman of Freedom Under Law (FUL), a non-profit organisation newly established to promote the
rule of law The essence of the rule of law is that all people and institutions within a Body politic, political body are subject to the same laws. This concept is sometimes stated simply as "no one is above the law" or "all are equal before the law". Acco ...
in Southern Africa through public advocacy and
strategic litigation Strategic litigation, also known as impact litigation, is the practice of bringing lawsuits intended to affect societal change. Impact litigation cases may be class action lawsuits or individual claims with broader significance, and may rely on st ...
. During the organisation's official launch in September 2009, Kriegler announced that FUL would seek judicial review of the Judicial Service Commission's recent decision to drop its investigation into
Cape A cape is a clothing accessory or a sleeveless outer garment of any length that hangs loosely and connects either at the neck or shoulders. They usually cover the back, shoulders, and arms. They come in a variety of styles and have been used th ...
Judge President John Hlophe, who was accused of attempting to influence the Constitutional Court's decision in '' Thint v NDPP'', a politically sensitive case. Kriegler said that the decision was "gravely harmful to the rule of law". Kriegler had engaged in a minor public spat with Hlophe the prior month – after he made critical comments during a public lecture at Witwatersrand University – and FUL's announcement deepened the controversy. Three FUL members resigned from advisory positions in response: while Kgomotso Moroka and
Cyril Ramaphosa Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African businessman and politician serving as the 5th and current President of South Africa since 2018. A former Anti-Apartheid Movement, anti-apartheid activist and trade union leade ...
said only that they had not been consulted on FUL's legal action, Dumisa Ntsebeza told the press that he was concerned about "the statements and words which are attributed to Judge Kriegler in the media. It's impossible to live with a very clear patronising attitude toward
black people Black is a racial classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion. Not all people considered "black" have dark skin and often additional phenotypical ...
, which has become a recurring theme in his riegler'sstatements." Kriegler said that FUL would nonetheless proceed with the legal action, saying:
I was frightened at the prospect, I am still frightened at the prospect, but fortunately I had an old
boer Boers ( ; ; ) are the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled the Dutch ...
grandfather who taught me ''as jou voet in die stiebeuel is moet jy ry'' nowiki/>Afrikaans for 'when your foot is in the stirrup, you’ve got to ride'">Afrikaans.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Afrikaans">nowiki/>Afrikaans for 'when your foot is in the stirrup, you’ve got to ride' We’ve got to go with it now... I am far too vain an old man to grow a thick skin, but all I can do is wrap myself in the blanket of duty.
The resulting legal and disciplinary processes continued for over a decade. On 1 March 2021, the ''Sunday Times (South Africa)">Sunday Times ''The Sunday Times'' is a British Sunday newspaper whose circulation makes it the largest in Britain's quality press market category. It was founded in 1821 as ''The New Observer''. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of N ...
'' quoted Kriegler, speaking on behalf of FUL, as making further critical remarks about Hlophe, including the propositions that Hlophe was not fit to be a judge and that he had employed "contrived reasoning" in acquitting politician Bongani Bongo of corruption. Hlophe's lawyer, Vuyo Ngalwana, laid a complaint against Kriegler at the Judicial Service Commission, alleging that Kriegler had misconducted himself in making these remarks publicly. In July 2022, in a ruling penned by Judge Dumisani Zondi, the Judicial Conduct Committee found against Kriegler, ordering him to retract his statement. Kriegler retired from the board of Freedom Under Law on 30 July 2023, ceding the chairmanship to retired judge Azhar Cachalia.


International consulting

He also continued his engagements as an international consultant on electoral and judicial matters, including on behalf of the International Commission of Jurists, the United Nations Electoral Assistance Division, and the
International Bar Association The International Bar Association (IBA), founded in 1947, is a bar association of international legal practitioners, bar associations and law societies. The IBA in 2018 had a membership of more than 80,000 individual lawyers and 190 bar associati ...
. In 2008, he chaired the
Kriegler Commission The Kriegler Commission, officially The Independent Review Commission (IREC), was an international commission of inquiry established by the Government of Kenya in February 2008 to Inquire into all aspects of the 2007 General elections with particul ...
, established to recommend
electoral reform Electoral reform is a change in electoral systems that alters how public desires, usually expressed by cast votes, produce election results. Description Reforms can include changes to: * Voting systems, such as adoption of proportional represen ...
s in
Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...
following the 2007 presidential election and subsequent political crisis; and in 2010 he and Safwat Sidqi were the international members whom
Afghan Afghan or Afgan may refer to: Related to Afghanistan *Afghans, historically refers to the Pashtun people. It is both an ethnicity and nationality. Ethnicity wise, it refers to the Pashtuns. In modern terms, it means both the citizens of Afghanist ...
President
Hamid Karzai Hamid Karzai (born 24 December 1957) is an Afghan politician who served as the fourth president of Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014, including as the first president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan from 2004 to 2014. He previously served a ...
appointed to the Electoral Complaints Commission which adjudicated disputes arising from the 2010 Afghan parliamentary election.


Awards and honours

In 2003, the General Council of the Bar of South Africa presented Kriegler with its Sydney and Felicia Kentridge Award for Service to Law in
Southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost region of Africa. No definition is agreed upon, but some groupings include the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, United Nations geoscheme, the intergovernmental Southern African Development Community, and ...
, and in 2011, he received the International Foundation for Electoral Systems's Charles T. Manatt Democracy Award for outstanding commitment to democracy and human rights. He is an honorary life member of the Johannesburg Bar and an honorary bencher of Gray's Inn, London.


Personal life

He is married to Betty Welz, with whom he has nine children. They live in Johannesburg.


References


External links


Justice Johann Kriegler
at University of Pretoria

with the Judicial Service Commission (1994)

with Padraig O'Malley (1995–1999) {{DEFAULTSORT:Kriegler, Johann 1932 births Living people 20th-century South African lawyers 20th-century South African judges 21st-century South African judges Academic staff of the University of Pretoria University of Pretoria alumni Alumni of King Edward VII School (Johannesburg) University of South Africa alumni Judges of the Constitutional Court of South Africa People from Pretoria South African Senior Counsel Human rights lawyers