Jin Mao Building
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The Jin Mao Tower (; Shanghainese:'' Cinmeu Dagho''; lit. ‘Golden Prosperity Building’), also known as the or , is a , 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark
skyscraper A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors. Most modern sources define skyscrapers as being at least or in height, though there is no universally accepted definition, other than being very tall high-rise bui ...
in Lujiazui, Pudong,
Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
, China. It contains a
shopping mall A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a large indoor shopping center, usually Anchor tenant, anchored by department stores. The term ''mall'' originally meant pedestrian zone, a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, i ...
, offices and the Grand Hyatt Shanghai hotel which starts from the 53rd floor; at the time of completion it was the highest hotel in the world. Along with the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center and the Shanghai Tower, it is part of the Lujiazui skyline seen from the Bund. In Shanghai, the tallest structure is the Shanghai Tower, which stands at 632 meters. It is followed by the Shanghai World Financial Center at 492 meters, the Oriental Pearl Tower at 468 meters, and the Jin Mao Tower at 420.5 meters. While Jin Mao Tower is the fourth tallest structure by height, it is often referred to as the third tallest building because the Oriental Pearl Tower is technically classified as a television and observation tower rather than a traditional skyscraper. This distinction explains why some sources list Jin Mao as the third tallest building, even though it is actually the fourth tallest overall structure.


Structure

The building is located on a plot of land near the Lujiazui metro station and was built at an estimated cost of US$530 million. It was designed by the
Chicago Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...
firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Its postmodern form, whose complexity rises as it ascends, draws on traditional Chinese architecture such as the tiered pagoda, gently stepping back to create a rhythmic pattern as it rises. Like the Petronas Towers in
Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
, the building's proportions revolve around the number 8, associated with prosperity in
Chinese culture Chinese culture () is one of the Cradle of civilization#Ancient China, world's earliest cultures, said to originate five thousand years ago. The culture prevails across a large geographical region in East Asia called the Sinosphere as a whole ...
. The 88 floors (93 if the spire floors are counted) are divided into 16 segments, each of which is 1/8 shorter than the 16-story base. The tower is built around an octagon-shaped
concrete Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. It is the second-most-used substance (after water), the most–widely used building material, and the most-manufactur ...
shear wall core surrounded by 8 exterior composite supercolumns and 8 exterior steel columns. Three sets of 8 two-story high outrigger
truss A truss is an assembly of ''members'' such as Beam (structure), beams, connected by ''nodes'', that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so ...
es connect the columns to the core at six of the floors to provide additional support. The foundations rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles driven deep in the ground to compensate for poor upper-strata soil conditions. At the time of construction, these were the longest steel piles ever used for a land-based building. The piles are capped by a 4 m-thick concrete
raft A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water. It is usually of basic design, characterized by the absence of a hull. Rafts are usually kept afloat by using any combination of buoyant materials such as wood, sealed barre ...
underground. The basement's surrounding
slurry wall A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surro ...
is thick, high and long. It is composed of of
reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ...
. The building employs an advanced
structural engineering Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made Structure#Load-bearing, structures. Structural engineers also ...
system of
wind Wind is the natural movement of atmosphere of Earth, air or other gases relative to a planetary surface, planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heatin ...
and earthquake engineering which fortify it against
typhoon A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere and which produces sustained hurricane-force winds of at least . This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, accounting for a ...
winds of up to 200 km/h (with the top swaying by a maximum of ) and
earthquake An earthquakealso called a quake, tremor, or tembloris the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak they ...
s of up to 7 on the Richter scale. The steel shafts have shear joints that act as
shock absorber A shock absorber or damper is a mechanical or hydraulics, hydraulic device designed to absorb and Damping ratio, damp shock (mechanics), shock impulses. It does this by converting the kinetic energy of the shock into another form of energy (typic ...
s to cushion the lateral forces imposed by winds and quakes. The swimming pool on the 57th floor is also said to act as a passive damper. The exterior curtain wall is made of glass,
stainless steel Stainless steel, also known as inox, corrosion-resistant steel (CRES), or rustless steel, is an iron-based alloy that contains chromium, making it resistant to rust and corrosion. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion comes from its chromi ...
,
aluminum Aluminium (or aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. Aluminium has ...
, and
granite Granite ( ) is a coarse-grained (phanerite, phaneritic) intrusive rock, intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly coo ...
and is criss-crossed by complex
latticework __NOTOC__ Latticework is an openwork framework consisting of a criss-crossed pattern of strips of building material, typically wood or metal. The design is created by crossing the strips to form a grid or weave. Latticework may be functional &nd ...
cladding made of aluminum alloy pipes.


Operations

Official dedication was August 28, 1998, a date also chosen with the number 8 in mind. The building was fully operational in 1999. The Jin Mao Tower is owned by the China Jin Mao Group Co. Ltd (formerly "China Shanghai Foreign Trade Center Co. Ltd"). It reportedly has a daily maintenance cost of 1 million RMB ( US$121,000). The building has 3 main entrances to the lobby: two for the office portion and one for the hotel. The basement has express elevators to the observation deck and a parking area for 600 vehicles and 7,500 bicycles. In total, 61 Mitsubishi elevators and 19 escalators carry visitors throughout the building. Levels 51, 52, and 89–93 are mechanical floors, accessible only by service elevators.


Occupants

The 3-level basement has a food court, while the first two floors include the
Hyatt Hyatt Hotels Corporation, commonly known as Hyatt Hotels & Resorts, is an American multinational corporation, multinational hospitality company headquartered in the 150 North Riverside, Riverside Plaza area of Chicago that manages and franchise ...
's conference and banquet facilities. The first six floors include a shopping mall, restaurants, and nightclubs, include Pu-J's. The lower 50 floors (in the first 4 segments of the tower) are made up of of offices, divided into 5 elevator zones (3-6, 7-17, 18-29, 30-40, and 41-50). Office spaces are open-plan (column-free), with a floor-to-floor gross height of and net height of .


Grand Hyatt Shanghai

The building's anchor tenant is the five-star 555-room Grand Hyatt Shanghai hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87. It is one of the highest hotels in the world, second in Shanghai only to its sister property, the Shanghai Park Hyatt, occupying the 79th to 93rd floors of the immediately adjacent Shanghai World Financial Center. These have since been surpassed by The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong, which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the International Commerce Center in Hong Kong. However, the tallest building to be used exclusively as a hotel is the JW Marriott Marquis Dubai. Additionally, the world's longest laundry chute runs down the full length of the tower to the basement, incorporating buffers to slow the laundry during its descent. The Hyatt's famous barrel-vaulted atrium starts at the 56th floor and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is in diameter with a clear height of approximately . It is one of the tallest atria in the world, the tallest being the Burj Al Arab's. The hotel floors also feature: * 53: The Piano Bar, a jazz club. * 54: The hotel lobby and Grand Café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor. * 55: Canton, a high-end Cantonese restaurant that takes up the entire floor. * 56: A collection of restaurants including The Grill, the Italian Cucina, the Japanese Kobachi, and the Patio Lounge located at the base of the atrium. * 57: Club Oasis, a fitness club featuring what was once the world's highest
swimming pool A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool, is a structure designed to hold water to enable Human swimming, swimming and associated activities. Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built abo ...
. * 85: The highest level of rooms in the hotel and elevators to the two levels above * 86: Club Jin Mao, a Shanghainese restaurant. * 87: Cloud 9, a sky bar with panoramic view.


Skywalk

The Skywalk, a indoor observation deck with a capacity of 1,000+ people, occupies the 88th floor of the building. In addition to the panoramic views of Shanghai, it offers a topside view of the hotel atrium below. It also includes a small
post office A post office is a public facility and a retailer that provides mail services, such as accepting letter (message), letters and parcel (package), parcels, providing post office boxes, and selling postage stamps, packaging, and stationery. Post o ...
. Access is through two express elevators from the basement that travel at 9.1 m/s and take 45 seconds to reach the top. As of 2009, admission to the 88th floor costs 88 RMB for adults and 45 RMB for children.


Events

* On February 18, 2001, Han Qizhi, a 31-year-old shoe salesman from
Anhui Anhui is an inland Provinces of China, province located in East China. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze and Huai rivers, bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the east, Jiang ...
province "struck by a rash impulse", climbed the building barehanded and in street clothes. He was arrested with bleeding hands and detained for about two weeks. * On October 5, 2004, as part of Shanghai's National Day celebrations, a multi-national group of BASE jumpers invited by the Shanghai Sports Bureau leapt from the top of the tower. The 34-year-old Australian jumper Roland Simpson's
parachute A parachute is a device designed to slow an object's descent through an atmosphere by creating Drag (physics), drag or aerodynamic Lift (force), lift. It is primarily used to safely support people exiting aircraft at height, but also serves va ...
malfunctioned and he crashed himself against an adjacent building. He fell into a
coma A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to Nociception, respond normally to Pain, painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal Circadian rhythm, sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate ...
and died in Australia on October 22. * In early 2007, the building was illuminated with the name
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as part of
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's marketing campaign for the
operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common daemon (computing), services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems scheduler (computing), schedule tasks for ...
. * Also in 2007, after years of being refused permission to climb the building, the French urban climber Alain Robert was arrested, jailed for 5 days, and expelled from China for his unauthorized ascent and descent, made while wearing a
Spider-Man Spider-Man is a superhero in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he first appearance, first appeared in the anthology comic book ''Amazing Fantasy'' #15 (August 1962) in ...
costume. * On April 3, 2009, Shanda used a laser-light show on the tower to advertise the open beta of '' Aion: The Tower of Eternity''. The image made by the lasers could be seen from 7:30 pm to 10:00 pm and ran until April 12, 2009."Aion Online Advertises on the Second Largest Building in Shanghai"
2009-04-08 Retrieved on 2017-08-18


Gallery

File:Shopping by the Jin Mao Tower.JPG, The Jin Mao Tower's retail area in the lower floors File:Inside Jinmao Tower from 88th Floor.jpg, The hotel's atrium, viewed from the Skywalk on the 88th floor File:Shanghai from the SWFC.jpg, The four mechanical stories forming the spire of the building are brightly illuminated at night File:SWFC and JM.JPG, The SWFC and , displaying the latter's latticework cladding of aluminum alloy pipes. File:Shanghai panorama 2006.JPG, A view from the Jin Mao Tower's Skywalk, showing the Oriental Pearl Tower in Lujiazui and, across the Huangpu River, Shanghai's Bund, Nanjing Road, and the Garden Bridge across Suzhou Creek File:Jin Mao Building-2005.JPG, The Jin Mao Tower with the construction of the Shanghai World Financial Center at the background File:JinMao Tower von oben.jpg, The Jin Mao Tower seen from the 100th floor of the Shanghai World Financial Center File:Tower pudong shanghai jinmao tower(cropped).jpg, The Jin Mao Tower at night


See also

* List of tallest buildings in Shanghai * List of skyscrapers * List of tallest buildings and structures in the world * List of tallest freestanding structures in the world


Notes


External links


Jinmao88.com
the management company's official website
Grand Hyatt Shanghai

Elevator Layout


* Overviews a
Skycraper CenterArchitravel
, , an
SkyscraperPage
* at China Pictures * {{Portal bar, China, Architecture Office buildings completed in 1998 Skyscrapers in Shanghai Hotels in Shanghai Tourist attractions in Shanghai Landmarks in Shanghai Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings Postmodern architecture in China Hyatt Hotels and Resorts Retail buildings in China Skyscraper office buildings in Shanghai Skyscraper hotels in Shanghai Sinochem Group 1994 establishments in Shanghai