Jim Harrison

James Harrison (December 11, 1937 – March 26, 2016) was an American poet, novelist, and essayist. He was a prolific and versatile writer publishing over three dozen books in several genres including poetry, fiction, nonfiction, children's literature, and memoir. He wrote screenplays, book reviews, literary criticism, and published essays on food, travel, and sport. Harrison indicated that, of all his writing, his poetry meant the most to him.

Harrison published 24 novellas during his lifetime and is considered "America's foremost master" of that form. His first commercial success came with the 1979 publication of the trilogy of novellas '' Legends of the Fall,'' two of which were made into movies.

Harrison's work has been translated into multiple languages including Spanish, French, Greek, Chinese, and Russian. He was the recipient of multiple awards and honors including a Guggenheim Fellowship (1969), the Mark Twain Award for distinguished contributions to Midwestern literature (1990), and induction into the American Academy of Arts & Letters (2007). Harrison wrote that "The dream that I could write a good poem, a good novel, or even a good movie for that matter, has devoured my life."

Biography

Harrison was born in Grayling, Michigan, to Winfield Sprague Harrison, a county agricultural agent, and Norma Olivia (Wahlgren) Harrison, both avid readers. Harrison was born 18 months after oldest child John, with whom he was close. His younger siblings are Judith, Mary, and David.

Harrison became blind in one eye after a childhood accident. He wrote about this in an early poem:

Harrison graduated from Haslett High School ( Haslett, Michigan) in 1956. When he was 24, on November 21, 1962, his father and sister Judy died in an automobile accident.

In 1959, he married Linda King, with whom he had two daughters. He was educated at Michigan State University, where he received a B.A. (1960) and M.A. (1964) in comparative literature. After a short stint as assistant professor of English at Stony Brook University (1965–66), Harrison started working full-time as a writer. His awards include National Academy of Arts grants (1967, 1968, and 1969), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1969–70), the Spirit of the West Award from the Mountain & Plains Booksellers Association, and election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters (2007).

His work has appeared in many leading publications, including ''The New Yorker'', ''Esquire'', ''Sports Illustrated'', ''Rolling Stone'', '' Outside'', ''Playboy'', ''Men's Journal'', and '' The New York Times Book Review''. He published several collections of novellas, two of which were eventually turned into films: ''Revenge'' (1990) and '' Legends of the Fall'' (1994).

Much of Harrison's writing is set in sparsely populated regions of North America and its West. Many stories are set in places such as Nebraska's Sand Hills, Michigan's Upper Peninsula, Montana's mountains, and along the Arizona–Mexico border.

Harrison lived in Patagonia, Arizona, Livingston, Montana, and Grand Marais, Michigan. On August 31, 2009, he was featured in an episode of Anthony Bourdain's television show '' No Reservations,'' which took place in and around Livingston. He also appeared in season 7 of Bourdain's CNN series, '' Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown'', in an episode which first aired on May 15, 2016.

Harrison died of heart failure at his writing desk at home in Patagonia, Arizona on the morning of 26 March 2016 (Easter Saturday), while drafting a poem; the last (unpunctuated) line he wrote was "Man shits his pants and trashed God's body".

Prose works

Early career

Harrison said he became a novelist after he fell off a cliff while bird hunting. During his convalescence, his friend Thomas McGuane suggested he write a novel, and ''Wolf: A False Memoir'' (1971) was the result. It is the story of a man who tells his life story while searching for signs of a wolf in the northern Michigan wilderness. This was followed by ''A Good Day to Die'' (1973), an ecotage novel and statement about the decline of American ecological systems, and ''Farmer'' (1976), a ''Lolita''-like account of a country school teacher and farmer coming to grips with middle age, his mother's dying, and complications of human sexuality.

Harrison's first novellas were published in 1979 under the title ''Legends of the Fall''. The actor Jack Nicholson, a close friend of Harrison's whom he had met through Thomas McGuane, played a peripheral role in the creation of that book. When Nicholson heard that Harrison was broke, he sent $30,000, which allowed Harrison to write ''Legends of the Fall''. The title novella is an epic story that spans 50 years and tells the tale of a father and three sons in the vast spaces of the northern Rocky Mountains around the time of World War I. Referring to the title novella, Harrison said:

"I wrote ''Legends of the Fall'' in nine days and when I re-read it, I only had to change one word. There was no revision process. None. I had thought so much about the character that writing the book was like taking dictation. I felt overwhelmed when I finished, I needed to take a vacation, but the book was done."

The novella format would become an important part of both Harrison's future reputation and his output. Following ''Legends of the Fall'', seven more collections of novellas appeared over the course of Harrison's lifetime: ''The Woman Lit by Fireflies'' (1990), ''Julip'' (1994), ''The Beast God Forgot to Invent'' (2000), ''The Summer He Didn't Die'' (2005), ''The Farmer's Daughter'' (2009), ''The River Swimmer'' (2013), and finally ''The Ancient Minstrel'' (2016), the latter appearing just before Harrison's death in March of that year.

After publishing ''Warlock'' (1981) and ''Sundog'' (1984), Harrison published ''Dalva'' (1988), one of his best-known novels. It is a complex tale, set in rural Nebraska, of a woman's search for the son she had given up for adoption and for the boy's father, who also happened to be her half-brother. Throughout the narrative, Dalva invokes the memory of her pioneer great-grandfather John Wesley Northridge, an Andersonville survivor during the Civil War and naturalist, whose diaries vividly tell of the destruction of the Plains Indian way of life. Many of these characters are featured also in ''The Road Home'' (1998), a complex work using five narrators, including Dalva, her 30-year-old son Nelse, and her grandfather John Wesley Northridge II. Harrison has been described as trying to get at "the soul history of where you live" in this sequel to ''Dalva'', in this case rural Nebraska in the latter half of the 20th century.

By the time Harrison turned 60 in 1998, he had published both a dozen works of fiction and another dozen volumes of poetry.

Later life and writings

In terms of his publishing career, Harrison's final 18 years, after he turned 60, would be nearly as productive as the preceding 30 years. After age 60, he published another dozen works of fiction, at least six more volumes of poetry, a memoir ''Off to the Side'', and ''The Raw and the Cooked: Adventures of a Roving Gourmand'', a collection of his food essays which had first appeared in magazines, mostly in ''Esquire'' and ''Men's Journal''.

Although he continued writing in the novella format, during these final years (1999–2016), Harrison refocused his efforts on the longer novel form. In the 2000s, Harrison published two of the most ambitious novels, setting them in Michigan's Upper Peninsula: ''True North'' (2004) and its sequel ''Returning to Earth'' (2007). ''True North'' examines the costs to a timber and mining family torn apart by alcoholism and the moral recklessness of a war-damaged father. The novel contains two stories: that of the monstrous father and that of the son's trying to atone for his father's evil, and ultimately, reconciling with his family's history.

''Returning to Earth'' (2007) revisits the characters and setting of ''True North'' (2004) 30 years later. The story has four narrators: Donald, a mixed-blood Indian, now middle-aged and dying of Lou Gehrig's disease; Donald's wife Cynthia, whom he rescued as a teen from the ruins of her family; Cynthia's brother David (the central character of ''True North''); and K, Cynthia's nephew and Donald's soul mate. Ultimately, the extended family helps Donald end his life at the place of his choosing, and then draw on the powers of love and commitment to reconcile loss and heal wounds borne for generations.

Harrison's ''The English Major'' (2008) is a road novel about a 60-year-old former high school English teacher and farmer from Michigan, who after a divorce and the sale of his farm, heads westward on a mind-clearing road trip. Along the way, he falls into an affair with a former student, reconnects with his big-shot son in San Francisco, confers on questions of life and lust with an old doctor friend, and undertakes a project to rename all the states and their state birds.

Harrison wrote two darkly comic detective novels, ''The Great Leader: A Faux Mystery'' (Grove Press, 2012) and ''The Big Seven'' (Grove Press, 2015), both focused on protagonist Detective Sunderson. ''The Great Leader: A Faux Mystery'' was positively reviewed in'' The New York Times'', with critic Pete Dexter calling Harrison's writing "very close to magic."

Poetry

Publication history

Inspired by his study of Pablo Neruda, Harrison completed what he called his first acceptable poems in the early 1960s. In 1965 he had several poems published in ''The Nation'' and ''Poetry'' and then, with the assistance of the poet Denise Levertov, he published his first poetry collection, ''Plain Song'' (1965).

Over the course of his life Harrison published his poetry in many periodicals including '' Virginia Quarterly Review'', '' Triquarterly'', '' The American Poetry Review'', and '' The New York Times Book Review.'' He published 17 collections of poetry (the number includes chapbooks, limited editions, and coauthored works). ''The Shape of the Journey: New and Collected Poems'' (1998) collects over 120 of his poems. The posthumous ''Jim Harrison: The Essential Poems'' (2019) was selected from nearly 1000 poems that Harrison wrote.

Harrison was aware that his poetry did not have mass appeal. He wrote that to draw attention to poetry "you would have to immolate a volunteer poet in an 751 BMW". He hoped that by choosing a small press like Copper Canyon Press, his poetry collections would stay in print.

''Dead Man's Float'' (2016), his final book of poetry, was published the year of his death.

Influences

Harrison began his study of poetry as a teenager and, as a young man, thought of himself as "a poet and nothing else". His earliest influences included Arthur Rimbaud, Richard Wright, and Walt Whitman.

Harrison studied a multitude of English speaking poets including W.B. Yeats, Dylan Thomas, Robert Bly, and Robert Duncan. Harrison also cited a diverse set of influences from world poetry including: French Symbolist poetry; the Russian poets Georgy Ivanov and Vladimir Mayakovsky; the German poet Rainier Maria Rilke; and Chinese Tang poetry">Tang dynasty poetry.Harrison discusses his poetic influences in his memoir ''Off to the Side, A Memoir (2002)''; e.g., see pages 38, 55, 66, 125, 174, 177, 180, 187, 232, and 245. He also discusses his influences in the introduction to his collection of poetry ''The Shape of the Journey'' (1998). He felt a particular affinity for the French poet Rene Char and the Russian poet Sergei Yesenin">René Char">Rene Char and the Russian poet Sergei Yesenin as they both came "from humble beginnings out in the country". Harrison's sequence of prose poems ''Letters to Yesenin'' (1973) was inspired by Yesenin.

Harrison's practice of Zen">Zen Buddhism