Jilin-1
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Jilin-1 () is China's first self-developed commercial
remote sensing Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an physical object, object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to in situ or on-site observation. The term is applied especially to acquiring inform ...
satellite system. The satellites are operated by
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Corporation Chang may refer to: People Surname * Chang (surname), the romanization of several separate Chinese surnames * Chang or Jang (Korean name), romanizations of the Korean surname Given name * Chang Bunker () (1811–1874), one of the original ...
and named after
Jilin Province ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_a ...
where the company is headquartered. The first set of satellites were launched by
Long March 2D The Long March 2D (), also known as the Chang Zheng 2D, CZ-2D, and LM-2D, is a Chinese two-stage orbital carrier rocket mainly used for launching LEO and SSO satellites. It is manufactured by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology ( ...
in
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC; also known as Shuangchengzi Missile Test Center; Launch Complex B2; formally Northwest Comprehensive Missile Testing Facility (); Base 20; 63600 Unit) is a Chinese space vehicle launch facility ( spacep ...
on 7 October 2015, at 04:13
UTC Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the primary time standard globally used to regulate clocks and time. It establishes a reference for the current time, forming the basis for civil time and time zones. UTC facilitates international communica ...
. All launched Jilin-1 satellites are in
Sun-synchronous orbit A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local mean solar time. More technically, it is ...
(SSO). As of 15 June 2023, there were a total of 25 launches of Jilin-1, and 130 satellites in orbit. Chang Guang originally planned to launch 138 total satellites by the year 2025, but expanded its goal in 2022 to 300 satellites Jilin-1 is the largest Chinese commercial satellite constellation in orbit and has enjoyed generous funding since the Chinese government opened satellite imagery to private ventures. Chang Guang received $375 million (
USD The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it int ...
) of funding for the Jilin-1 program in November 2020.


Satellites


Video satellites

The Jilin-1 series of satellites includes eight 'Jilin-1 Smart Video Satellites' also written as 'Shipin' (). First launched in the Jilin-1 series' inaugural 2015 launch, eight Jilin-1 smart video satellites provide 4K
high definition High definition or HD may refer to: Visual technologies *Blu-ray Disc, the universal optical High Definition disc format *HD Photo, former name for the JPEG XR image file format *HDV, format for recording high-definition video onto magnetic tap ...
(HD) Earth observation color video imagery from
Sun-synchronous orbit A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local mean solar time. More technically, it is ...
(SSO) with a
revisit time A revisit (from re- (again, anew) + visit) literally means ''visit again'', such as: * Satellite revisit * Patient revisit to a setting of ambulatory care See also * Revisionism (disambiguation) **Fictional revisionism In literature, revisionism ...
of 3.3 days, and a five-year system
life expectancy Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is ''life expectancy at birth'' (LEB, or in demographic notation ''e''0, where '' ...
. The reported applications of these smart video satellites range from
disaster response Disaster response refers to the actions taken directly before, during, or immediately after a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and safety, and meet the subsistence needs of the people affected.UNGA (2016)Report of the open- ...
and economic monitoring to
military A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a d ...
and national intelligence collection. These satellites use a gaze imaging pattern, use three-axis stabilization, record full-color video between 437–720 
nanometers 330px, Different lengths as in respect to the molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American and British English spelling differences#-r ...
(using a
Bayer filter A Bayer filter mosaic is a color filter array (CFA) for arranging RGB color model, RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors. Its particular arrangement of color filters is used in most single-chip digital image sensors used in digit ...
), weigh between 225–235 kilograms, and are 1230x642x2104 
millimeters 330px, Different lengths as in respect of the electromagnetic spectrum, measured by the metre and its derived scales. The microwave is between 1 metre to 1 millimetre. The millimetre (American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, i ...
in size. Three separate generations of Jilin-1 smart video satellites have been designed and launched with the first generation (01 and 02) launched on 7 October 2015, the second generation (one satellite, 03) launched on 9 January 2017, and the third generation (04–08) launched on both 21 November 2017 and 19 January 2018. Satellites of the second generation of Jilin-1 smart video constellation feature updates to orbital propulsion, computer, power supply, and
data transmission Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, signal transmission, transmitted and received over a Point-to-point (telecommunications), point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication chann ...
systems, based on feedback from first-generation users. It is unclear which upgrades took place between the second and third generations. Jilin-1 video satellites have been used for supervising the 2013–2017 construction of
Saparmurat Turkmenbashy Olympic Stadium Ashgabat Olympic Stadium (; (formerly and also known as the Saparmurat Turkmenbashy Olympic Stadium) is an outdoor multi-purpose stadium in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It opened in 2017 on the site of the original Olympic Stadium, which had stood f ...
in
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ash ...
, recording taxiing aircraft at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, monitoring forest fire spread along the Sino-Russian border, and recording the launch of a
OneSpace OneSpace ( zh , s=零壹空间 , p= Líng Yī Kōngjiān , l= Zero One Space ) or One Space Technology Group ( zh , s= 零壹空间科技 , p= Líng Yī Kōngjiān Kējì , l= Zero One Space Technology ) is a Chinese private space launch group ...
suborbital rocket. Jilin-1 drew domestic and international attention after Chang Guang released video from a Jilin-1 smart video satellite purporting to show a traveling
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor The Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor is an American Twinjet, twin-engine, Jet engine, jet-powered, Night fighter, all-weather, supersonic Stealth aircraft, stealth fighter aircraft. As a product of the United States Air Force's Advanced Ta ...
of the
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.


Spectrum satellites

The Jilin-1 satellite program also operates two
hyperspectral imaging Hyperspectral imaging collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of hyperspectral imaging is to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the purpose of finding objects, identifyi ...
(HSI) satellites named Spectrum-01 () and Spectrum-02 (). Onboard payloads of Spectrum satellites image light from a
wavelength In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other words, it is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same ''phase (waves ...
of 450 
nanometers 330px, Different lengths as in respect to the molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American and British English spelling differences#-r ...
( visible
blue Blue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB color model, RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB color model, RGB (additive) colour model. It lies between Violet (color), violet and cyan on the optical spe ...
) to 135
micrometers The micrometre (Commonwealth English as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System ...
(long-wave
infrared Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with the waves that are just longer than those ...
) across 26 separate
bands Bands may refer to: * Bands (song), song by American rapper Comethazine * Bands (neckwear), form of formal neckwear * Bands (Italian Army irregulars) Bands () was an Italian military term for Irregular military, irregular forces, composed of nati ...
. The two Spectrum satellites orbit 528 kilometers above the
Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to Planetary habitability, harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all ...
in a
Sun-synchronous orbit A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local mean solar time. More technically, it is ...
which enables the satellites to image with a consistent geometric relationship with the Sun and have a 2-3 day revisit time recording images in 5 meter resolution for visible and near-infrared (NIR), 100 meter resolution for short and medium-wave infrared (SWIR, MWIR), and 150 meter resolution for long-wave infrared (LWIR). Spectrum 01, also known as 'Jilin Lincao 1' (), was built with the cooperation of China's forestry system which uses the satellite to analyze the distribution of tree species in forests, detection of forest fires, the identification of diseases and pests, and tracking of the nation's severe desertification. Spectrum 02, also known as 'Wenchang Supercomputer 1' () was jointly invested and developed with the Wenchang Aerospace Supercomputing Center, part of the Wenchang International Aerospace City in
Hainan Province Hainan is an island province and the southernmost province of China. It consists of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. The name literally means "South of the Sea" ...
and is primarily focused on marine ecological monitoring with additional functions in ocean
search and rescue Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search ...
and undersea resource exploration.


High-resolution satellites

The most prevalent satellite series in the Jilin-1 program is the 'high resolution' () series with sixty-three launched since June 2019. Despite sharing the name, these satellites have no relation with and are not to be confused with the better known
Gaofen Gaofen () is a series of Chinese high-resolution Earth imaging satellites launched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program. CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilian Earth-observation program used for agricult ...
dual-use In politics, diplomacy and export control, dual-use items refer to goods, software and technology that can be used for both civilian and military applications.
(military and civilian) satellite program. Jilin-1 Gaofen satellites carry both a panchromatic and multispectral imager.


Wideband satellites

The Jilin-1 Wideband () constellation at the moment consists in two generations of satellites. The first one, Kuanfu-01, features a high resolution and wide-field-of-view telephoto range imager providing a multi-spectral resolution better than 4 m and a swath width greater than 136 km, and high-speed storage and high-speed digital transmission systems. Three satellites of this generation have been launched, all onboard
Long March 2D The Long March 2D (), also known as the Chang Zheng 2D, CZ-2D, and LM-2D, is a Chinese two-stage orbital carrier rocket mainly used for launching LEO and SSO satellites. It is manufactured by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology ( ...
rockets, between January 2020 and May 2022. The second generation satellites, while being significantly lighter (down to 230 kg from the 1200 kg of the first generation) offers improved performances with a 0.5 m resolution and a 150 km swath width. Only one satellite has been launched so far.


Other satellites

Other satellites of the Jilin-1 program include a single LQSat verification satellite, the Optical-A () satellite, sixty-one high-resolution panchromatic (PAN) and multispectral imaging (MSI) satellites (not to be confused with the separate
Gaofen Gaofen () is a series of Chinese high-resolution Earth imaging satellites launched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program. CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilian Earth-observation program used for agricult ...
program), and one successfully launched imaging satellite ( or ' Rubik's Cube').


List of satellites


See also

*
Yaogan Yaogan () is the designation used by the People's Republic of China to refer to its military reconnaissance satellites. Yaogan satellites are largely known to primarily support the People's Liberation Army's Strategic Support Force (PLASSF), f ...
*
Fanhui Shi Weixing The Fanhui Shi Weixing () series of satellites was China's first reconnaissance satellite program. The satellites were used for military reconnaissance and civilian imagery tasks and completed 23 missions between November 1974 and April 2016. The ...
*
Gaofen Gaofen () is a series of Chinese high-resolution Earth imaging satellites launched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program. CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilian Earth-observation program used for agricult ...


References

{{Reflist, 2 Earth observation satellites of China Commercial Earth imaging satellites Satellite series