Jieba

''Jieba'' ( zh, 戒疤) is an ordination practice where ritual burn scars are received by Buddhist monks of some sects of Chan Buddhism, including Shaolin monks. This practice is very rare and is part of an elaborate ceremony that is undertaken only after they shave their heads and take their bodhisattva vows.

Procedure

The marks are achieved by placing an incense-like stick of ''Artemisia vulgaris'' called a onto the top of the head and burning the ''moxa'' for several minutes, causing moxibustion burns on the scalp, an extremely painful process that creates the scars. ''Moxa'' is used over regular incense to lessen the pain that is caused by the scarring process. The practice is potentially dangerous, and can result in temporary injury including infection, blood poisoning, impaired eye sight, and swelling, as well as potentially permanent injuries including blindness.

Religious significance

The number of ''jieba'' scars that a monk will receive ranges from three to twelve, though historically as many as eighteen have been used. The meaning of the ''jieba'' varies, with some definitions being refuge in the three jewels, or alternatively symbolizing the three Buddhist characteristics of discipline, concentration, and wisdom, especially when these marks are made in multiples of three.

The justification for the ''jieba'' ceremony is often taken from sutras, including the sixteenth precept of the '' Fànwǎng jīng'' which discusses Bodhisattva renunciation practices that include "the burning of one's body" as being an ultimate act in the quest for enlightenment, and that if one is not prepared to follow these practices then they cannot become a monk.

Laypeople will sometimes receive ''jieba'' on their forearms after taking the Bodhisattva Precepts as a sign of sacrifice and dedication during a Buddhist initiation ritual.

History

The practice dates back to at least the Chinese Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), and the earliest known recorded description of ''jieba'' comes from around the year 1280 in a biography of a monk named Zhide (1235–1322) in a document called ''Ming gaoseng zhuan'' (Biographies of Eminent Monks compiled under the Ming).

One origin that has been suggested is that the practice began as a means of identifying monks after the issuance of ordination certificates was suspended by the Yongzheng Emperor during the mid 18th century, after which the practice was ubiquitous for Chan Buddhist monks during the remainder of the 18th century.

The practice itself may be an apocryphal concept to Chan Buddhism, as there is evidence that the existence of ''moxibustion'' in China predates both Buddhist usage and the authorship of the Brahmajāla Sūtra (also called the ''Fànwǎng jīng'' in Chinese) or the Śūraṅgama Sūtra (also called the ''Shouleng'yan jing'' in Chinese), both themselves apocryphal texts which in part discuss and justify such practices as ''moxibustion'' and ''jieba''.

In December 1983, the Buddhist Association of China, the official Chinese government body that oversees Buddhism in China, decreed that ''jieba'' was "a ritual practice which was not of Buddhist origin, and since it was damaging to the health was to be abolished forthwith."

This ritual is still practiced in Vietnam where it is called Lễ Tấn Hương and is also more common than the Chinese variant.

Similar practices

Ceremonial branding is an integral part of religious initiation in most Vaishnava sects. References to this practice can be traced in texts such as Narad Panchratra, Vaikhnasagama, Skanda Purana, etc. This practice is still in vogue among Madhava sect Brahmins of Karnataka in India.

Popular culture

The character Krillin from the ''Dragon Ball'' media franchise is a monk that has six ''jieba'' on his forehead. In Jet Li's first film, the 1982 Chinese film '' The Shaolin Temple'', his character Jue Yuan has ''jieba'' on his head. Many movies that portray monks with ''jieba'' scars during the Tang and Song dynasties are considered anachronistic, as there is no evidence of the practice in use prior to the Yuan dynasty.

References

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Buddhist rituals
Rites of passage
Initiation
Scarification
Burns
Traditions involving fire