Ji (polearm)

The ''ji'' (pronunciation: , English approximation: , ) was a Chinese polearm, sometimes translated into English as spear or halberd, though they are conceptually different weapons. They were used in one form or another for over 3000 years, from at least as early as the Zhou dynasty, until the end of the Qing dynasty. They are still used for training in many Chinese martial arts.

History

The ''ji'' was initially a hybrid between a spear and a dagger-axe. It was a relatively common infantry weapon in Ancient China, and was also used by cavalry and charioteers.

In the Song dynasty, several weapons were referred to as ''ji'' but developed from spears, not from ancient ''ji''. One variety was called the ''qinglong ji'' (), and had a spear tip with a crescent blade on one side. Another type was the ''fangtian ji'' (), which had a spear tip with crescent blades on both sides. They had multiple means of attack: the side blade or blades, the spear tip, plus often a rear counterweight that could be used to strike the opponent. The way the side blades were fixed to the shaft differs, but usually there were empty spaces between the pole and the side blade. The wielder could strike with the shaft, pulling the weapon back to hook with a side blade; or, he could slap his opponent with the flat side of the blade to knock him off his horse.

Popular legend

One of the earliest known appearances of the Ji in the historical record is the ''fangtian huaji'' (: "painted heavenly halberd") attributed to the warrior Lü Bu in the ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''. It is unknown whether the peculiarity of his weapon was a literary device used by Luo Guanzhong, the author. Since this novel was based on earlier depictions of the era during the Song dynasty, the Song-era polearm may have been named based on its similarity to, or in honor of, the weapon that was attributed to Lü Bu in this famous novel. This would be comparable to the famous semi-mythological origin story of the ''yanyuedao'' (; lit. "reclining moon blade"), the weapon wielded by Guan Yu (), another character from the novel and a real historical person. The first historical or archaeological evidence of this polearm comes from an 11th-century illustration in the military manual ''Wujing Zongyao'' (). The ''yanyuedao'' came to be known as the ''guandao'' after its invention was anachronistically attributed to Guan Yu himself, due to his wielding the weapon throughout the ''Romance''.

Gallery

File:Warring States Bronze Ge Dagger-axe 08.jpg, Scythed dagger-axe combined with a spear, forming a ji, Warring States period
File:Bronze halberd - Duo Ge Tong Ji, Warring States period, Henan Institute of Historic Relic Archaeology and Research.jpg, Double dagger-axe ji, Warring States period
File:Eastern Zhou Bronze Ji (Halberd) (10338222034).jpg, Ji with back hook, Eastern Zhou
File:Han Iron Halberd.jpg, Axe halberd (yuejiNote: Yueji is a term used in the present time to differentiate this weapon from the regular ji) variant, Han dynasty
File:Han Iron Halberd, Han Tomb of Liu Wu, King of Chu (10084945133).jpg, One piece ji, Han dynasty
File:Weapons (1505157164).jpg, Ji, Han dynasty
File:Tomb of Princess Yongtai (9906285885).jpg, Ceremonial jis, Tang dynasty
File:武经总要五 06.jpg, A ''ji dao'' on the left from the Wujing Zongyao
File:悼莊世子墓文物 029.jpg, Tomb figurines of a soldier and two men holding an axe and ji polearm, Ming dynasty
File:Chinese dagger-axe and related polearms.svg, Four ''jis'' (right), alongside two dagger-axes.

See also

* Kama-yari
* Lucerne hammer
* Poleaxe
* Halberd

References

Bibliography

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{{Pole weapons

Edged and bladed weapons
Chinese polearms
Spears