Jethro Wood
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Jethro Wood (March 16, 1774 – 1834) was the inventor of a cast-iron
moldboard plow A plough or ( US) plow (both pronounced ) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but modern ploughs are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden ...
with replaceable parts, the first commercially successful iron moldboard plow. His invention accelerated the development of American agriculture in the
antebellum Antebellum, Latin for "before war", may refer to: United States history * Antebellum South, the pre-American Civil War period in the Southern US ** Antebellum Georgia ** Antebellum South Carolina ** Antebellum Virginia * Antebellum architectu ...
period. By simplifying and strengthening the plow design and adding interchangeable parts, Wood's plow broadened accessibility and eased replacements of plows in 19th century America. Wood was also responsible for notable changes in early American patent laws following patent infringements on his plow design.


Early life

Jethro Wood was born on March 16, 1774 in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. His parents were John Wood and Dinah Hussey. His family was
Quaker Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations. Members refer to each other as Friends after in the Bible, and originally, others referred to them as Quakers ...
, both of his parents being a part of the Society of Friends, and Wood remained Quaker throughout his life, but was not particularly doctrinaire. He was born as the only son alongside five or six sisters. His family was from relative wealth, his father being an early settler to the area and having established himself as one of the community's leaders, he was afforded a generous education accompanied with a library and workshop with which to feed his passion. According to one account of Wood's childhood:
Once, while still very young, he had shaped a small plow out of metal, not dissimilar to the model which was later to form the basis for modern agriculture. But not satisfied with the mere making of it, and wishing to see it in operation, he fashioned a harness of corresponding size and fastened the family cat to his plow. The protests of the cat attracted the immediate attention of paternal authority, and the future inventor was soundly thrashed for his precocity.
It was in his youth when Wood would first begin his correspondence with
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (, 1743July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was the primary author of the United States Declaration of Indepe ...
regarding their innovations, designs, and progress in new plows. Upon his father's death, Wood inherited a small fortune with which he would pursue his inventions and patents.


Adulthood

Wood spent his adult life in
Cayuga County, New York Cayuga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,248. Its county seat and largest city is Auburn. The county was named for the Cayuga people, one of the Native American tribes in the I ...
, near Scipio. On January 1, 1793, Wood married Sylvia Howland of White Creek, New York; they had six children together. Following the lead of his parents, Wood would join the Society of Friends, becoming a consistent member.


Moldboard plow

Wood received a patent on an initial version of a cast-iron moldboard plow in 1814, which improved upon previous designs by utilizing interchangeable parts that allowed for convenient repairs and connected the parts without the use of screws or bolts.McClelland, Peter D. “Plowing.” In ''Sowing Modernity: America’s First Agricultural Revolution'', 14–63. Cornell University Press, 1997. It was designed as three separate parts, share, moldboard, and landside that could be replaced individually. In 1815, Wood contacted Moses Brown, an Early American Industrialist, to assist in promoting the plow in Rhode Island. He then sent the plow on to Thomas Jefferson in 1816, who praised the design. Later on, in 1819, he patented a second plow which more closely matched his ambitions for the project. The 1819 patent was the 19th patent issued for a plow in the United States. Other than Wood, inventors like Thomas Jefferson and
John Deere Deere & Company, Trade name, doing business as John Deere (), is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural machinery, heavy equipment, forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, Transmission (mechanical device), transmi ...
each invented cast-iron plows which moved the agricultural standard away from wooden plows, improving durability. The first of these, however, was patented by
Charles Newbold Charles Newbold (1764–1835) was an American blacksmith born in Chesterfield, New Jersey. On June 26, 1797, Newbold received the first patent for a cast-iron plow. However, he was unable to sell his plow because many farmers feared that the iron ...
of New Jersey in 1793. During the development of the plow, he corresponded with
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (, 1743July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was the primary author of the United States Declaration of Indepe ...
, who had been working on an improvement to the plow along slightly different lines. A test of the 1819 model showed that it could plow a stony field without breaking. In an attempt to attract further attention, Wood endeavored to send his new plow to the then Czar of Russia, who upon receiving it, sent back a diamond ring, which mistakenly went into the possession of Dr. Samuel Mitchell, a friend of Wood’s who had been asked to write the letter accompanying the plow in French as Wood was not as well versed in the language. It was highly successful in the eastern United States, but less effective against the clay soils and sod of the
Midwest The Midwestern United States (also referred to as the Midwest, the Heartland or the American Midwest) is one of the four census regions defined by the United States Census Bureau. It occupies the northern central part of the United States. It ...
. After the invention of the plow, much of Wood's time and money were consumed by pursuing
patent infringement A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention."A ...
suits against small manufacturers around the country who had copied his design. Wood spent a considerable portion of his later life dedicated to hunting down these copies. One of those suits, '' Ex parte Wood'', reached the Supreme Court after a district court ruled in favor of Jethro Wood and asked Charles Wood and Gilbert Brundage to repeal their patent. After an appeal, the Supreme Court ruled that district court judges may repeal a patent in the event that the patent holder could not provide sufficient reason for the patent to exist and that Congress may grant patents for a limited time and guarantees citizens a jury trial in cases where the amount in dispute exceeds $20. Wood died in poverty on September 28th, 1834. He had spent his entire "large fortune" on perfecting his invention and litigating the patent, and had earned less than $550 in total from his invention. Wood's patent was renewed in 1833 by act of Congress, and his children continued to fight against infringements and campaign for changes to the patent law for some years.


Legacy

Jethro Wood's plow design was later supplanted by the further improvements of
John Deere Deere & Company, Trade name, doing business as John Deere (), is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural machinery, heavy equipment, forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, Transmission (mechanical device), transmi ...
, who furnished the plow with polished
plowshare In agriculture, a plowshare (Differences between American and British spellings, US) or ploughshare (Differences between American and British spellings, UK; ) is a component of a plow (or plough). It is the cutting or leading edge, preceding t ...
s that enabled it to break up prairie
sod Sod is the upper layer of turf that is harvested for transplanting. Turf consists of a variable thickness of a soil medium that supports a community of turfgrasses. In British and Australian English, sod is more commonly known as ''turf'', ...
. After his death, Wood’s son, Benjamin Wood continued his battles against copy patents, working with Clay, Webster, and
John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before Presidency of John Adams, his presidency, he was a leader of ...
and securing a reform to the US patent laws.Stanton, Lucia. “Better Tools for a New and Better World: Jefferson Perfects the Plow.” In ''Old World, New World: America and Europe in the Age of Jefferson'', edited by Leonard J. Sadosky, Peter Nicolaisen, Peter S. Onuf, and Andrew J. O’Shaugnessy, 200–222. University of Virginia Press, 2010. Not long after Benjamin’s death, two of Jethro Wood’s daughters took up the cause in pursuing recompense after their brother's death for the copied patent, continuing communications with the John Adams and the Adams Family. The
Jethro Wood House The Jethro Wood House is a historic house on Poplar Ridge Road, in a rural area west of the hamlet of Poplar Ridge, New York, Poplar Ridge in the town of Ledyard, New York. Built by 1800, it was the home of inventor Jethro Wood (1774–1834), w ...
, Wood's residence in Poplar Ridge, New York, was built in 1805 and declared a
National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a National Register of Historic Places property types, building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the Federal government of the United States, United States government f ...
in 1964. Current owners: Thomas Hoppel and his partner have extensively renovated and upgraded and it is currently a private residence.


References


Works cited

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External links


Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia entry
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, Jethro People from Cayuga County, New York 1774 births 1834 deaths 19th-century American inventors American Quakers People from Dartmouth, Massachusetts 18th-century Quakers 19th-century Quakers Inventors from New York (state) Inventors from Massachusetts