Jerez de la Frontera () or simply Jerez, also cited in old English-language sources as , is a city and

municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

in the

province of Cádiz Cádiz is a Provinces of Spain, province of southern Spain, in the southwestern part of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the southernmost part of mainland Spain, as well as the southernmost part of ...

in the

autonomous community The autonomous communities () are the first-level administrative divisions of Spain, created in accordance with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy to the nationalities and regions that make up Sp ...

Andalusia Andalusia ( , ; , ) is the southernmost autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomou ...

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

. Located in southwestern

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, compri ...

, it lies on the

Campiña de Jerez Campiña de Jerez (the Jerez countryside) is one of the six ''comarcas'' (county, but with no administrative role) in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain. The present-day ''comarca'' was established in 2003 by the Government of Andalusia. Mun ...

, an inland low-land plain crossed by the

Guadalete river The Guadalete (; ) is a river located almost entirely in the Spanish Province of Cádiz, rising in the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park at an elevation of about , and running for into the Bay of Cádiz at El Puerto de Santa Maria, north of the ...

, midway between the

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...

, the

Guadalquivir The Guadalquivir (, also , , ) is the fifth-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula and the second-longest river with its entire length in Spain. The Guadalquivir is the only major navigable river in Spain. Currently it is navigable from Seville ...

river and the western reaches of the

Subbaetic System The Subbaetic or Sub-Baetic System ( or ''Cordillera Subbética'') is one of the three systems of mountain ranges of the Baetic System in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Highest point high Peña de la Cruz in Sierra Arana. Its northern limit i ...

. , with 213,105 inhabitants, Jerez is the most-populated municipality in the province of Cádiz. Its municipality covers an area of and includes Los Alcornocales Natural Park.

Winegrowing Viticulture (, "vine-growing"), viniculture (, "wine-growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, ...

has long been, particularly upon the transition to modern agro-extractivism in the mid 18th century, the main drive of the economy of Jerez. During the 19th century, the local wine

Sherry Sherry ( ) is a fortified wine produced from white grapes grown around the city of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain. Sherry is a drink produced in a variety of styles made primarily from the Palomino grape, ranging from light versio ...

was overwhelmingly produced for foreign export, catering to the British market in the first place. Throughout this century the city earned a reputation as a paradigm for large landowners, high

social inequality Social inequality occurs when resources within a society are distributed unevenly, often as a result of inequitable allocation practices that create distinct unequal patterns based on socially defined categories of people. Differences in acce ...

, and the winery-related identity. Since 1987,

Grand Prix motorcycle racing Grand Prix motorcycle racing is the highest class of motorcycle road racing events held on Road racing, road circuits sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). Independent motorcycle racing events have been held sin ...

has been held at the

Circuito de Jerez Circuito de Jerez – Ángel Nieto (formerly known as Circuito de Jerez and Circuito de Velocidad Jerez), is a racing circuit located close to the city of Jerez de la Frontera, south of Seville and deep within the sherry-producing region in the ...

in early May. The circuit has also hosted several

Formula One Formula One (F1) is the highest class of worldwide racing for open-wheel single-seater formula Auto racing, racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been one ...

Grands Prix, including the

1997 European Grand Prix The 1997 European Grand Prix (formally the XLII European Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 October 1997 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, Spain. Originally scheduled as the Portuguese Grand Prix at the Estoril circuit, ...

, which decided the 1997 Formula One World Championship. Other festivals in the city include the Feria de Jerez and the

Holy Week Holy Week () commemorates the seven days leading up to Easter. It begins with the commemoration of Triumphal entry into Jerusalem, Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, marks the betrayal of Jesus on Spy Wednesday (Holy Wednes ...

Etymology

Rotonda Venencia Catavino Jerez Simo Riva02

The classical Latin name of ''Asta Regia'', unrelated to the present name, referred to an ancient city now found within Mesas de Asta, a rural district approximately from the center of Jerez. The current Spanish-language name came by way of the Arabic-language name ''Sharīsh'', used during the Muslim period in Iberia. The placename was rendered as ''Xerez'' or ''Xerés'' () in old Romance sources; hence the name of the famous fortified wine,

sherry Sherry ( ) is a fortified wine produced from white grapes grown around the city of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain. Sherry is a drink produced in a variety of styles made primarily from the Palomino grape, ranging from light versio ...

. ('

frontier A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary. Australia The term "frontier" was frequently used in colonial Australia in the meaning of country that borders the unknown or uncivilised, th ...

') referred to its location on the border between the

Moorish The term Moor is an exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a single, distinct or self-defi ...

and

Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...

regions on the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...

during the 13th century. Upon the Modern-era readjustment and simplification of Spanish-language sibilant phonemes (including changed into ) the spelling of the place name ended up being changed accordingly. The old spelling ''Xerez'' survived in several foreign languages and led to the name given to

: Portuguese , Catalan , English ''sherry'' , French . The city's main football team continues to use the old spelling, ''Xerez''.

History

Prehistory and ancient history

Traces of human presence in the area date from the upper Neolithic, and humans have inhabited Jerez de la Frontera since at least the

Copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...

Neolithic Age The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wid ...

, but the identity of the first natives remains unclear. The first major protohistoric settlement in the area (around the third millennium BC) is attributed to the Tartessians. Jerez later became a Roman city under the name of ''Asta Regia'' (located 8 km further north at Cortijo el Rosario).

Middle Ages

After the

collapse of the Western Roman Empire The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast ...

, the

Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who were first reported in the written records as inhabitants of what is now Poland, during the period of the Roman Empire. Much later, in the fifth century, a group of Vandals led by kings established Vand ...

and the

Visigoths The Visigoths (; ) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The Visigoths first appeared in the Balkans, as a Roman-allied Barbarian kingdoms, barbarian military group unite ...

ruled the area until the

Umayyad conquest of Hispania The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (; 711–720s), also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, was the Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania in the early 8th century. The conquest re ...

in the early 8th century. In the 11th century it briefly became the seat of an independent

taifa The taifas (from ''ṭā'ifa'', plural ''ṭawā'if'', meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that em ...

. Some years later 'Abdun ibn Muhammad united it with

Arcos de la Frontera Arcos de la Frontera () is a town and municipality in the Sierra de Cádiz comarca, province of Cádiz (province), Cádiz, in Andalusia, Spain. Location Arcos de la Frontera is 64 km N-E of Cádiz and 35 km E-N-E of Jerez de la Front ...

and ruled both (ca. 1040–1053). In 1053 it was annexed to

Seville Seville ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Spain, Spanish autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the Guadalquivir, River Guadalquivir, ...

. From 1145 to 1147 the region of Arcos and Jerez briefly operated as an emirate under the dependency of

Granada Granada ( ; ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada (Spain), Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence ...

, led by Abu'l-Qasim Ahyal. Later the

Almohads The Almohad Caliphate (; or or from ) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb). The Almohad ...

conquered the city. In the 12th and 13th centuries Jerez underwent a period of great development, building its defense system and setting the current street layout of the old town. In 1231 the

Battle of Jerez The Battle of Jerez (, ) took place in 1231 near the southern Spanish city of Jerez de la Frontera during the Reconquista. King Ferdinand III of Castile and León's troops fought against those of Emir Ibn Hud of the taifa of Murcia. The Castil ...

took place within Jerez. Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, king of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir

Ibn Hud Abū ’Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Hūd al-Judhamī (Arabic: محمد بن يوسف بن هود, died 1238), commonly known as Ibn Hud, was a taifa emir who controlled much of al-Andalus from 1228 to 1238. He was a descendant of the Hudi ...

, despite the numerical superiority of the latter. After a month-long siege in 1261, the city surrendered to Castile, but its Muslim population remained. It rebelled and was finally defeated in 1264. Due to its agriculture-based economy and demographics, Jerez was already a major city of the Lower Andalusia towards the end of the Middle Ages. Calle Juderia Jerez

Historically, a

Jewish community Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...

existed in Jerez until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews. Today the street "Juderia", meaning Jewish quarter in Spanish, in Jerez marks where the old Jewish quarter once existed.

Early modern period

The

discovery of the Americas The human history of the Americas is thought to begin with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an ice age. These groups are generally believed to have been isolated from the people of the "Old World" until the coming o ...

and the

conquest of Granada The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of G ...

, in 1492, made Jerez one of the most prosperous cities of Andalusia through trade and through its proximity to the ports of

and

Cádiz Cádiz ( , , ) is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz in the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia. It is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula off the Atlantic Ocean separated fr ...

. Attracted by the economic possibilities offered by the winemaking business, a substantial foreign European population (English, Flemish, Portuguese and, most notably, Genoese) installed in the city. Together with the local wealthy class, they participated in slave ownership. Despite the social, economic and political decadence that occurred in the seventeenth century, towards the end of the

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (; ), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most powerful dynasties in the history of Europe and Western civilization. They were best known for their inbreeding and for ruling vast realms throughout Europe d ...

rule, the city managed to maintain a reasonable pace of development, becoming world-famous for its

wine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...

industry.

Late modern period

In January 1892, a peasant uprising took place in Jerez and its violent repression lead to a series of protests and revenge bombings in the next decade. Jerez monks c1835

Government

The city of Jerez is governed by the ''

ayuntamiento ''Ayuntamiento'' ()In other languages of Spain: * (). * (). * (). is the general term for the town council, or ''cabildo'', of a municipality or, sometimes, as is often the case in Spain and Latin America, for the municipality itself. is mai ...

'' (municipality) of Jerez, whose representatives, as in other towns in Spain, are elected every four years by universal suffrage for all citizens older than 18 years of age. The body is chaired by the mayor of Jerez.

Economy

The economy of Jerez has traditionally been centred on the wine industry, with exports of

worldwide. Because it lacks the civil service that other cities enjoy, Jerez has based its economy on industry. The cultivation of fruits, grains, and vegetables and horse and cattle

husbandry Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition, selective breeding, and the raising of livestock. ...

has also been important to the local economy. It is the home base for the Spanish Military Stud farm, the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera. After the wine crisis in the 1990s, the city is now seeking to expand its industrial base. Tourism has been successfully promoted. The city's strong identity as a center for wine, flamenco, and horses, its popular festivals,

MotoGP Grand Prix motorcycle racing is the highest class of motorcycle road racing events held on Road racing, road circuits sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). Independent motorcycle racing events have been held sin ...

hosting and its historical heritage have contributed to this success. The city is the home of Jerez Airport and has also been positioning itself as a logistics hub for western Andalusia, through the integration between the airport, the rail system and nearby ports.

Geography

Location

Jerez de la Frontera is located in the region of

, which includes the municipalities of Jerez de la Frontera and

San José del Valle San José del Valle is a municipality located in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Ta ...

. The territory of the region corresponds to the previous municipality of the city of Jerez, before the disintegration of San José del Valle in 1995. The municipality of Jerez is the largest in the province of Cadiz and the sixth in Spain with 1188 square kilometers. The region of the Campiña de Jerez is crossed by the Guadalete River. There are several wetlands in its territory, such as the lagoons of Medina and Torrox. There are also the Montes de Propio de Jerez, included in the Natural Park of Los Alcornocales. Its agriculture is known for the designation of origin of its wine,

, grown in the triangle formed between Jerez de la Frontera,

Sanlúcar de Barrameda Sanlúcar may refer to: * Sanlúcar de Barrameda, a city in the Province of Cádiz, Spain * Sanlúcar de Guadiana, a village in the Province of Huelva, Spain * Sanlúcar la Mayor, a city in the Province of Seville, Spain *Sanlúcar de Albaida, forme ...

and

El Puerto de Santa María El Puerto de Santa María (), locally known as El Puerto and historically in English as Port Saint Mary, is a Municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. , the c ...

. Jerez de la Frontera is located from El Puerto de Santa Maria, from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Strait of

Gibraltar Gibraltar ( , ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory and British overseas cities, city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the A ...

. The city is one of the six municipalities that make up the Metropolitan Area of the Bay of Cadiz-Jerez, a polynuclear urban agglomeration formed by the municipalities of Cadiz, Chiclana de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Puerto Real, El Puerto de Santa Maria and San Fernando located in the Bay of Cadiz.

Climate

Jerez de la Frontera and the rest of the

metropolitan area have a

Subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones immediately to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Ge ...

–

Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate ( ), also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen and Trewartha as ''Cs'', is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude). Such climates typic ...

. For its situation being inland (specially the airport which is further inland than the city), the Atlantic influences are small. Jerez is characterized by mild, short winters with occasional cool nights and hot, long summers with occasional very hot temperatures; unlike the surrounding coastal areas which are characterized by very mild winters and long warm summers. Most of the rain falls from October to January, while the summers are very dry but not rainless. For its situation being inland, the daytime temperatures are higher than in the coast and the lows are cooler, with a difference of at least 10 °C between the highs and the low temperatures of each month. The average annual temperature is during the day and at night. The average annual precipitation is per year, concentrated in the months of October through April. December is the wettest month with . The city averages 53 rainy days, 137 clear days and 2,965 hours of sunshine a year. Snow is extremely rare, and it is even more infrequent than in most of the southern European islands. The last snowfall recorded in the city happened on February 2, 1954. Since then, no snowfall has been recorded.

Main sights

Religious sites

* The Cathedral * Church of San Miguel (15th century), in Gothic–

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

style * Church of San Mateo, in Gothic style, the oldest in the city * The Charterhouse * Church of Santiago, dating to the time of

Alfonso X of Castile Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, ; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, Kingdom of León, León and Kingdom of Galicia, Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During the April 1257 Imperial election, election of 1 ...

(reigned 1252–1284) * Church of San Juan de los Caballeros, created after Alfonso X's conquest of the city in 1264 * Church of San Marcos (13th century) * Church of San Dionisio (13th century), built around 1457 * Church of San Lucas, built over an old mosque * Church of San Francisco, containing the grave of Queen Blanca de Borbón (died 1361) * Church of San Pedro * Chapel of San Juan de Letrán * Calvary Chapel * Chapel of Los Desamparados * Convent of San José * Convent of Santa María de Gracia * Convento of Espíritu Santo * Hermitage of San Isidro Labrador * Hermitage of San Telmo * Church of Santo Domingo * Church of Los Descalzos * Convent of Las Reparadoras * Church of La Victoria * Hermitage of La Ina * Basílica del Carmen de Jerez

Palaces and manors

* '' Palace of Viceroy Laserna'' * ''Casa-palacio de la calle Lealas'', número 20 * ''Casa-palacio de los Ponce de León'' * ''Casa de los Basurto'' * ''Casa Petra de la Riva'' * ''

Palace of Marqués de Montana A palace is a large residence, often serving as a royal residence or the home for a head of state or another high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome whi ...

'' * ''Palacio Dávila'' * ''Palacio de Bertemati'' * '' Palacio de Campo Real'' * ''Palacio de Riquelme'' * ''Palacio de los Condes de Montegil'' * ''Palacio de los Condes de Puerto Hermoso'' * ''Palacio de los Morla y Melgarejo'' * ''Palacio de Luna'' * ''Palacio de Mirabal'' * ''Palacio de Villapanés'' * ''Palacio de Villavicencio'' * ''Palacio del Barón de Algar del Campo'' * ''Palacio del Conde de los Andes'' * ''Palacio del Marqués de Villamarta'' * ''Palacio Duque de Abrantes'' * ''Palacio Pemartín'' * ''Palacio San Blas''

Museums

Archaeological Museum An archaeology museum is a museum that specializes in the display of archaeological artifacts. Many archaeology museum are in the open-air museum, open air, such as the Ancient Agora of Athens and the Roman Forum.David Watkin. ''The Roman Forum ...

* Bullfighting Museum * Nativity scene Museum * Museos de la Atalaya * Pinacoteca Rivero * Museo del Traje Andaluz * Museo de Tecnología Agraria Antonio Cabral * Museo del Enganche

Other monuments

Cabildo Viejo Plaza Asuncion Panoramica Jerez

* Old City Hall of Jerez de la Frontera, built in 1575 * Alcazar of Jerez de la Frontera, a Moorish fortress, dating to the 11th century * Zoo and Botanical Garden of Jerez. * Villamarta Theatre * ''Gallo Azul'', built in 1927 * Walls of Jerez de la Frontera

Main factories

González Byass González Byass is one of Spain's best-known sherry bodegas. Its origins can be traced to 1835 when it was founded by Manuel María González Angel, who was subsequently joined by his English agent, Robert Blake Byass. The business was further exp ...

* Domecq * Grupo Estévez * Grupo Garvey * Williams & Humbert * Bodegas de Pilar Plá * Bodegas Tradición * Sánchez Romate * Bodegas Lustau

Other infrastructure

* Crocodile Farm Kariba, unique in Spain. * Circuit of Jerez * Jerez Airport * Fair Institution of Cádiz * Chapín Stadium * Walk of Fame Jerez de la Frontera * Military Stud of de Jerez de la Frontera * Jerez Bullring * Roundabout of Minotaur * Playground "Children's City" * Water Tower of Jerez * Old fish market * Sala Compañía * Centro Andaluz de Flamenco * Zoco de Artesanía de Jerez * Children's Traffic Park

Culture

Wine

Jerez is the world capital of

, a fortified wine made from white grapes grown near the city of Jerez. Jerez has been a centre of viniculture since the

Phoenicia Phoenicians were an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon and the Syria, Syrian ...

ns introduced winemaking to Spain in 1100 BC. The Romans continued the practice after they took control of

around 200 BC. The

Moors The term Moor is an Endonym and exonym, exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslims, Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a s ...

conquered the region in AD 711 and introduced

distillation Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixt ...

, which led to the development of brandy and fortified wine. Because sherry was a major wine export to the United Kingdom, British families founded many of the Jerez cellars. The city has many ''bodegas'' (

wineries A winery is a building or property that produces wine, or a business involved in the cultivation and production of wine, such as a wine company. Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feat ...

), many of which are of British origin. The most important include: *

: Manuel María González Angel founded this bodega in 1835, and his English agent, Robert Blake Byass subsequently joined in. The firm produces the

fino In computer science, FINO is a humorous scheduling algorithm. It is an acronym for ''first in, never out'' as opposed to traditional ''first in, first out'' (FIFO) and ''last in, first out'' (LIFO) algorithms. A similar acronym is "FISH", for ...

sherry Tío Pepe. * Williams & Humbert: This is a winery located in Jerez de la Frontera dedicated to the production of sherry wines and brandies and other liqueurs. Sir Alexander Williams and Arthur Humbert founded it in 1877. * Grupo Garvey: founded in 1780 by William Garvey Power. * Grupo Estévez: owns the Marqués del Real Tesoro and Valdespin bodegas. With origins dating from 1430, Valdespino is one of the oldest bodegas in the area. * Domecq: is a winemaking company founded by Álvaro Domecq Díez's father. Brandy de Jerez is a brandy exclusively produced within the "Sherry Triangle" (which is bounded by Jerez de la Frontera,

and

, all in the province of Cádiz). Brandy de Jerez is used in Spanish cuisine, especially with meats.

Carthusian breed of horses

Jerez is the original home of the Carthusian sub-strain of the

Andalusian horse The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (Spanish language literally translates to "Spanish pure breed". This name is sometimes capitalized when used in English-language publications, but is all lower-case in Spanish, which ...

breed, known as the ''Caballo cartujano'' in Spain. In the latter 1400s, the Carthusian monks began breeding horses on lands donated by

Álvaro Obertos de Valeto Álvaro Obertos de Valeto ( Jerez de la Frontera 1427 - Jerez de la Frontera March 12, 1482), was a knight of the Spanish nobility, as well as a pious jurist ombres ilustres de la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera: precedidos de un resúmen históri ...

for construction of the

Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera The Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera () or Charterhouse of Santa María de la Defensión (; also ''la Cartuja de Nuestra Señora de la Defensión'') is a monastery in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain. Its architecture is of a Late Gothi ...

(''la Cartuja de Jerez de la Frontera''). When the Spanish Crown decreed that Spanish horse breeders should breed their Andalusian stock with Neapolitan and central European stock, the monks refused to comply, and continued to select their best specimens to develop their own jealously guarded bloodline for almost four hundred years. Jerez is the home of the Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art, a riding school comparable to the famous

Spanish Riding School The Spanish Riding School () is an Austrian institution based in Vienna, dedicated to the preservation of classical dressage and the training of Lipizzaner horses, whose performances in the Hofburg are also a tourist attraction. The leading hor ...

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

. Another famous equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and

Arabian The Arabian Peninsula (, , or , , ) or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. At , comparable in size to India, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. Geographically, the ...

horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893. The

2002 FEI World Equestrian Games The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, from 10 to 22 September 2002. They were the 4th edition of the games which are held every four years and run by the FEI. Venue The main venue was the Estadio Muni ...

were held in Jerez at the

Estadio Municipal de Chapín Estadio Municipal de Chapín is a multi-purpose stadium in Jerez, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Xerez Deportivo FC. Xerez Deportivo are the current tenants and Xerez CD former tenants. The s ...

, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI.

Flamenco

Jerez is proud of its Andalusian Centre of Flamenco, which was founded in 1993 to safeguard and promote the values and standards of

flamenco Flamenco () is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain, developed within the Gitanos, gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia, and also having historical presence in Extremadura and Region of Murcia, ...

. It is devoted to the investigation, recovery, and collection of flamenco-related historical documents, whether they are in audio, visual, or journalistic form. It also has a collection of flamenco artifacts, including musical instruments, costumes, promotional posters, sheet music, and postcards. The centre operates a museum and library to help educate the public and serve as a resource for scholars. Many of the most famous personalities of the city are or were involved in the performance of flamenco, including La Paquera de Jerez,

Lola Flores María Dolores "Lola" Flores Ruiz (; 21 January 1923 – 16 May 1995) was a Spanish actress, (flamenco dancer) and singer. Born in Jerez de la Frontera, Flores became interested in the performing arts at a very young age. Known for her overwhe ...

and José Mercé.

Festivals

Grand Prix

Since 1987 the

has been held at the

in early May. Thousands of motorbikers from around the world come to the city this week to watch the MotoGP race held in Jerez annually. The race is one of the most watched races in Europe.

Feria del Caballo

Another popular festival is the Feria del Caballo (declared a festival of international tourist interest), one of the most famous Spanish fairs, and the most important fair in the

. It is celebrated annually in the Parque González Hontoria for one week in May, occurring always after the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix. The a fair dedicated mainly to the horse. All booths (''casetas'') at the fair are open to the public, so that attendees may walk into any one of them and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates the Feria de Jerez from the rest of the

n Fairs, such as the

Seville Fair The Seville Fair (officially and in , 'Seville April Fair') is held in the Andalusian capital of Seville, Spain. The fair generally begins two weeks after the , or Easter Holy Week. The fair officially begins at midnight on Monday, and runs six ...

, where most of the ''casetas'' are private and only card-holding members are allowed in.

Holy Week

in Jerez, as in other cities in Andalusia, commemorates the Passion of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated by Catholic religious brotherhoods and fraternities that perform penance processions on the streets during the last week of

Lent Lent (, 'Fortieth') is the solemn Christianity, Christian religious moveable feast#Lent, observance in the liturgical year in preparation for Easter. It echoes the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring Temptation of Christ, t ...

, the week immediately before

Easter Easter, also called Pascha ( Aramaic: פַּסְחָא , ''paskha''; Greek: πάσχα, ''páskha'') or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in t ...

. The Holy Week of Jerez de la Frontera stands out for being one of the most important in Andalusia in terms of number of brotherhoods, quality in its carvings and iconographic sets. Holy Week in Jerez was declared of National Tourist Interest in 1993.

Christmas

During the Christmas season, from the end of November to the end of December, many ''peñas'' (religious and cultural clubs) celebrate the holidays with public festivals where anyone can go to drink, eat, dance and sing Christmas carols, accompanied by friction drums called '' zambombas''.

Other Festivals

* Flamenco festival de Jerez * Carnival of Jerez * Fiestas de la Vendimia (Declared a festival of international tourist interest)

Other institutions

The old quarter of Jerez, dating from medieval times, has been named an " Artistic Historic Complex". The Easter week celebrations in Jerez are of " National Touristic Interest", and its remarkable Feria del Caballo in May is an event of " International Touristic Interest". The Andalusian Flamenco Centre is located in the Pemartín Palace (''Palacio de Pemartín'') and offers a library, displays, video films and live demonstrations of the art of flamenco dancing.

Sport

Circuito de Jerez

The city of Jerez is the first motorcycling world capital. It is the site of

, formerly called the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, where the annual

Motorcycle Grand Prix is contested. The race course is also a prime destination for

teams wishing to perform off-season testing. In the past it has hosted the F1 race itself, namely the

Spanish Grand Prix The Spanish Grand Prix (, ) is a Formula One motor racing event currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The race is one of the oldest in the world still contested, celebrating its centenary in 2013. The race had modest beginnings ...

between

1986 The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 ** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles. ** Spain and Portugal en ...

and

1990 Important events of 1990 include the Reunification of Germany and the unification of Yemen, the formal beginning of the Human Genome Project (finished in 2003), the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, the separation of Namibia from South ...

, before the race moved permanently to the Catalunya Circuit near Barcelona. Since then Jerez has hosted Formula One races a few times, with the designation of the

European Grand Prix The European Grand Prix (also known as the Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One event that was introduced during the mid-1980s and was held every year from to , except in . During these years, the European Grand Prix was held in a countr ...

1994 The year 1994 was designated as the " International Year of the Family" and the "International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal" by the United Nations. In the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands of Kiribati, 1994 had only 364 days, omitti ...

and the race in

1997 Events January * January 1 – The Emergency Alert System is introduced in the United States. * January 11 – Turkey threatens Cyprus on account of a deal to buy Russian S-300 missiles, prompting the Cypriot Missile Crisis. * January 1 ...

which decided the 1997 Formula One World Championship.

Complejo Municipal de Chapín

The Complejo Municipal de Chapín is a complex of sports facilities that includes a football stadium and field, a baseball field, equestrian facilities and a Sports Hall, as well as a futsal field and basketball and volleyball courts. The Estadio Municipal de Chapín, a multi-purpose stadium, was built in 1988 and seats 20,523 spectators. In 2002 the stadium was remodeled to hold the

. The whole grandstand was covered with a roof, and a hotel and spa-gym were added. It was historically the home of

Xerez CD Xerez Club Deportivo S. A. D. is a Spanish association football, football club based in the city of Jerez de la Frontera. It was founded in 1947 and plays in . History Due to the link between Jerez de la Frontera and the United Kingdom created b ...

, the city's club founded in 1947 and known simply as Xerez, which played in the top division in the 2009–2010 season. Currently, the stadium is the home of Xerez Deportivo FC, founded in 2013 to replace the old Xerez club. The stadium, which has a running track, was designated as an

Olympic Stadium ''Olympic Stadium'' is the name usually given to the main stadium of an Olympic Games The modern Olympic Games (Olympics; ) are the world's preeminent international Olympic sports, sporting events. They feature summer and winter sports ...

. The most important track team training there is the Club Atletismo Xerez Deportivo FC, which won the Spanish championships in 2001–2007. Canasta Unibasket Jerez and DKV Jerez are the city's basketball teams; they play in ''Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín''. Venenciadores de Jerez, the city's baseball team, is currently without a home field and awaits completion of one in the Complejo Municipal de Chapín. The main

futsal Futsal is a variant of association football played between two teams of five players each on a court smaller than a football pitch. Its rules are based on the Laws of the Game (association football), Laws of the Game of association football, and i ...

team in Jerez is Xerez Deportivo FC (also known as ''Xerez Toyota Nimauto'' for sponsorship reasons). It was founded in 2014 and currently plays in the ''Ruiz Mateos Sports Center'' and the ''Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín'' in ''Segunda Andaluza''. The most important rugby club is Club Rugby Xerez, which trains at the ''Pradera Hípica'' in Chapín.

Domecq Stadium

The Domecq Stadium was the first football stadium in Jerez de la Frontera. It was the home of

and Jerez Industrial CF before its demolition. The Stadium del Parque (Park Stadium) was built in 1923 and remodeled (with the name of Domecq Stadium) in 1932 by the architect Francisco Hernández Rubio. It held 20,523 and it was demolished in 1988.

Juventud Stadium

Currently, the Juventud Stadium is the oldest stadium in the city. It holds 5,000 and is the home of Jerez Industrial CF, founded in 1951, the main rival of Xerez. Formerly, the football field belonged to the youth hostel which is located in the vicinity thereof, hence its name.

Antonio Fernández Marchán Stadium

It is the CD Guadalcacín stadium, which plays in the Tercera Division. It is placed in ''Guadalcacín'', a neighborhood northern Jerez.

Other sports complexes

* ''Complejo Deportivo de La Granja'' * ''Campo de fútbol de La Canaleja'' * ''Campo de Fútbol Manuel Millán'' * ''Campo de fútbol Juan Fernández Simón'' * ''Campo de fútbol de Picadueña'' * ''Polideportivo Ruiz-Mateos''

Other sports

The

2014 Vuelta a España The 2014 Vuelta a España took place between 23 August and 14 September 2014 and was the 69th edition of the race. It featured eight mountain stages, five hill stages, five flat stages, and three time trials (one team and two individual), two of ...

cycle race began in Jerez de la Frontera on 23 August, with a

team time trial A team time trial (TTT) is a road bicycle race in which teams of cyclists race against the clock (see individual time trial for a more detailed description of ITT events). The winning team in a TTT is determined by the comparing the times of ...

. The race followed a 21-stage route, finishing in

Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, simply Santiago, or Compostela, in the province of Province of A Coruña, A Coruña, is the capital of the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Galicia (Spain), Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city ...

on 14 September. Club Natación Jerez, is the main Swimming Club in Jerez. It has won the "Campeonato de España Master" ("Championship of Spain Master") many times.

Education

There are 76 elementary schools, 41 secondary schools, 12 adult education centres and 10 public libraries in the city of Jerez.

University of Cádiz

The

University of Cádiz A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Univ ...

, the provincial university, has a campus in Jerez. It specializes in socio-political studies. The city is also home to a member of the Official School of Languages (''Escuela Oficial de Idiomas'') and a centre of the National Distance Education University (''Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia'', UNED).

Transportation

Airport

Jerez Airport, also known as ''Aeropuerto de La Parra'', is the main airport in the

. It is located north of the city centre and is connected to the city by train and bus. It was built in 1937, during the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...

by the Nationalists in order to transport soldiers from Africa to Spain. The airport was open to civil traffic in 1992. It is the third most important airport in Andalucia after Malaga and Seville.

Train

Jerez has had a railway line since 1854, which was one of the first in Spain, the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway. The line went between Jerez and El Puerto de Santa María and transported wine barrels for export. Jerez de la Frontera railway station is used by more passengers than Cádiz and is the fourth busiest in Andalucia. Next to the Aeropuerto de Jerez, there is a new train station which connects the airport through the

Cercanías Cádiz ''Cercanías Cádiz'' is the commuter rail service in the cities of Cádiz and Jerez de la Frontera in Andalucia, Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in Nor ...

line C-1 to nearby Jerez, and also to

Sevilla Seville ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Seville ...

, Lebrija, Utrera,

, and San Fernando, Cádiz, San Fernando.

Bus

The city of Jerez has 16 bus lines: * L 1 Esteve-San Telmo-Constitución * L 2 Esteve-Picadueñas * L 3 Esteve-La Plata-Mosto-San Juan de Dios * L 4 Esteve-García Lorca-El Altillo * L 5 Esteve-Campus-Guadalcacín * L 6 Esteve-Campus-La Granja * L 7 Angustias-La Pita-Estella del Marqués * L 8 Circunvalación I * L 9 Circunvalación II * L 10 Canaleja-Atlántico-Esteve-Hacienda-Hospital * L 12 Alcázar-C. Salud San Telmo-El Portal/Guadabajaque * L 13 Alcázar-Blas Infante-Asisa * L 14 Esteve-Villas Este-La Marquesa * L 16 Casinos-Hipercor-Ortega Y Gasset * L 19 Nueva Jarilla-Guadalcacín-Angustias * L 20 Rotonda-García Lorca-Guadalcacín

Intercity buses

From Jerez are made regular trips to the following towns:

Roads

Bicycle

Jerez has of bike lanes that follow the main avenues of the city.

Demographics

According to official population data from INE, the municipality of Jerez had 213,105 inhabitants as of January 1, 2020. This makes Jerez the most populous city in the province, fifth in Andalusia, and 25th in Spain.

Growth

Growth of the population of Jerez de la Frontera from 1842 Colors= id:a value:gray(0.9) id:b value:gray(0.7) id:c value:rgb(1,1,1) id:d value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:750 height:350 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:30 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:250000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:b increment:50000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:a increment:5000 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:c BarData= bar:1842 text:1842 bar:1857 text:1857 bar:1877 text:1877 bar:1887 text:1887 bar:1900 text:1900 bar:1910 text:1910 bar:1920 text:1920 bar:1930 text:1930 bar:1940 text:1940 bar:1950 text:1950 bar:1960 text:1960 bar:1970 text:1970 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 bar:2011 text:2011 bar:2020 text:2020 PlotData= color:d width:20 align:left bar:1842 from:0 till: 33104 bar:1857 from:0 till: 51339 bar:1877 from:0 till: 64535 bar:1887 from:0 till: 61708 bar:1900 from:0 till: 63473 bar:1910 from:0 till: 62628 bar:1920 from:0 till: 65012 bar:1930 from:0 till: 72055 bar:1940 from:0 till: 89525 bar:1950 from:0 till: 107770 bar:1960 from:0 till: 130900 bar:1970 from:0 till: 149867 bar:1981 from:0 till: 176238 bar:1991 from:0 till: 184364 bar:2001 from:0 till: 183273 bar:2011 from:0 till: 212629 bar:2020 from:0 till: 213105 PlotData= bar:1842 at: 33104 fontsize:s text: 33,104 shift:(-10,5) bar:1857 at: 51339 fontsize:s text: 51,339 shift:(-10,5) bar:1877 at: 64535 fontsize:s text: 64,535 shift:(-10,5) bar:1887 at: 61708 fontsize:s text: 61,708 shift:(-10,5) bar:1900 at: 63473 fontsize:s text: 63,473 shift:(-15,5) bar:1910 at: 62628 fontsize:s text: 62,628 shift:(-15,5) bar:1920 at: 65012 fontsize:s text: 65,012 shift:(-15,5) bar:1930 at: 72055 fontsize:s text: 72,055 shift:(-15,5) bar:1940 at: 89525 fontsize:s text: 89,525 shift:(-15,5) bar:1950 at: 107770 fontsize:s text: 107,770 shift:(-15,5) bar:1960 at: 130900 fontsize:s text: 130,900 shift:(-15,5) bar:1970 at: 149867 fontsize:s text: 149,867 shift:(-15,5) bar:1981 at: 176238 fontsize:s text: 176,238 shift:(-15,5) bar:1991 at: 184364 fontsize:s text: 184,364 shift:(-15,5) bar:2001 at: 183273 fontsize:s text: 183,273 shift:(-15,5) bar:2011 at: 212629 fontsize:S text: 212,629 shift:(-15,5) bar:2020 at: 213105 fontsize:s text: 213,105 shift:(-15,5) :Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (España), INE

Population distribution

Immigration

People

* Dolores Agujetas * Manuel Alejandro * Mercedes Chilla * Daniel Güiza * Kiko (footballer, born 1972), Kiko *

* José Mercé * Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca * Gerardo Núñez * Juan José Palomino Jiménez * Miguel Primo de Rivera * Mala Rodriguez * Luis Coloma, creator of ''Ratoncito Pérez'' * José Manuel Caballero, José Manuel Caballero Bonald * Juan José Padilla * Rafael de Paula * Pilar Paz Pasamar * Marina Garcia Herrera * Carlos González Ragel

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Jerez de la Frontera is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with: * Arles, France (29 July 1980) * Tequila, Jalisco, Tequila, Mexico (27 April 1982) * Bristol, United Kingdom (2 December 1986) * Cognac, France, Cognac, France (16 September 1989) * Kiyosu, Japan (19 January 1994) * Biarritz, France (21 March 1997) * Ciudad Juárez, Mexico (30 January 1998) * Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil (30 January 1998) * Zacatecas City, Zacatecas, Mexico (28 June 2005) * Pisco, Peru, Pisco, Peru (29 November 2005) * Moquegua, Peru (29 November 2005) * El Paso, Texas, El Paso, United States

References

Bibliography

* *

External links

Jerez de la Frontera airport

Jerez News
social digital newspaper

Jerez.TV
, tourism and videos from Jerez de la Frontera
City guide for Jerez

Andalucia Events

Jerez from Seville
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jerez De La Frontera Jerez de la Frontera, Articles containing video clips Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz