Jean Boniface Textoris

Jean Boniface Textoris was a military surgeon, chief doctor of the French Navy, born on 24 February 1773 in Toulon and died on 3 September 1828 in Néoules in the Var.

Joining the Navy in 1787, at the age of 14, he rose through the ranks of Navy surgeon, operating during 16 years on most of the major ships of the Ancien Régime and of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Received doctor at the Montpellier Faculty of Medicine in 1803, he was appointed Chief Medical Officer of the squadron shortly after the advent of the First Empire under the command of Admiral de Latouche-Tréville, then on his death, under the command of Admiral de Villeneuve on the '' Bucentaure''. In this capacity, he took part in the battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) where he was recognised for his devotion to wounded sailors.

For a few years, he still embarked on hospital ships, but, in 1811, weakened by his health, he applied for a position as an instructor and was appointed to the Army training ship, the '' Duquesne''.
As this service was abolished after the fall of Napoleon I, he was appointed to the direction of the Navy's health services in the port of Marseille, where he ended his career. He died in a small village in the ''Haut- Var''.

Biography

His father was Boniface Textoris, a Navy surgeon, and his mother, Henriette Brémond. He married Marie Elisabeth Jaume. Their daughter Sophie Héloïse (1805-1836) married Fortuné Joseph César Racord, a surgeon at the French hospital in Smyrna from 1836 to 1849.

Old Regime and Revolution

As soon as 12 June 1787, Jean Boniface Textoris was employed in the Navy hospitals in Toulon as an auxiliary surgeon. Attached to the health service of the bagne of Toulon, he caught typhus imported by a ''chaîne'' (chain) of convicts who arrived at that time.

On September 12, 1790, he became a surgical assistant on the frigate the '' Minerve'' which was sent to the Adriatic to observe its coasts and positions. The campaign of this frigate corresponded to the naval stations of the navy to ensure the French presence in the eastern Mediterranean and the security of its trade in the Levant. During this trip, he took notes that would later form the basis of the dissertation he will read on the antiquities of the island of Thasos, at the Academy of Toulon, of which he will be one of the founders and the first secretary.

He was appointed surgeon major on 14 March 1791 on the brig ''Chasseur'' until 3 June 1792 and then on the corvette '' Brune'' until 17 September 1792, then the frigate '' Sensible'' and finally the frigate '' Iris'' until 12 March 1793 as second surgeon, then on the ''Duquesne'' as surgeon major until 17 May 1794. He then served on the 12 ''Vestale'' frigate (18 May to 29 September 1794), the ship Berwick (5 April to 14 May 1795), the ''Aquilon'' (15 May to 3 June 1795), the ''Jemmapes'' (1796), the ''Tonnant'' until 25 April 1798. In this capacity he participated in the fall of the Republic of Venice. On his return to Toulon, he treated the crews of Vice-Admiral François Paul de Brueys d'Aigalliers' squadron at the Toulon lazaret and contracted the "reigning disease" himself.

Promoted to the rank of first class surgeon on 2 July 1801, he was at the same time ordered to go to Cadiz to be attached to the naval division of Rear Admiral Dumanoir le Pelley. On arrival at his destination, he was given the task of running the hospital in Algeciras where the many wounded from the second battle of Algeciras were kept. From 19 July 1801 to 1 January 1802 it was embarked on the Annibal.

On his return from Cadiz, he locked himself up again in the lazaret because he had again contracted the "reigning disease".

He then embarked on the brig the '' Speedy'' (1 January 1802), the ship ''Formidable'' (6 April 1803), the ship '' Bucentaure'' (14 September 1803 to 16 August 1804) under the command of Vice-Admiral Louis-René-Madeleine de Latouche-Tréville.

On 18 May 1803, he was awarded a doctorate in medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Montpellier, where his inaugural thesis was on scurvy.

Empire

Textoris re-embarked on the ''Formidable'' on 7 August 1804 with the title of chief doctor of the squadron under the orders of Vice-Admiral de Latouche-Tréville (died 19 August 1804), then again on the flagship ''Bucentaure'' from 24 October 1804 to 23 October 1805, under the command of Vice-Admiral de Villeneuve, where he became surgeon major on 28 March 1805. In this capacity, he took part in the battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805.

The officers of the health service, under the orders of Textoris, were distributed as follows:
*Clément, 1st class health officer on board the ''Neptune''.
*Bodran, health officer 1st class on board the '' Indomptable''.
*Martiny, health officer 1st class aboard the ''Redoutable''.
*Lerebourg, health officer 1st class aboard the '' Héros''.
*Lefort, health officer 1st class on board the '' Formidable''.
* Peyron aboard the Scipion, Truc aboard the '' Intrépide'', Landon aboard the '' Dugay-Trouin'', Barale aboard the ''Mont Blanc'', Laborde aboard the ''Algésiras'', Descarrière aboard the '' Fougueux'', Fournier aboard the ''Pluton'', Fichet aboard the ''Aigle'', Delivet aboard the ''Argonaute'', Lasserre aboard the '' Berwick'', Saint-Hilaire aboard the ''Achille'', Grillon aboard the '' Cornélie'', Dumonteuil aboard the '' Hermione'', Isnard aboard the ''Hortense'', Guigou aboard the ''Rhin'', Pépin aboard the '' Thémis'', Daudi aboard the '' Furet'', Mercey aboard the '' Observateur''.

When the French flagship surrendered to the enemy with Admiral Villeneuve on board, the ship was very heavily damaged, almost dismasted, and covered with corpses and wounded.

Taken in tow by , the ''Bucentaure'' broke her towing cable. The French officers still on board took the ship from the British and, despite the state of the ship, set course for Cadiz in the middle of a storm. In the early morning, while in sight of the port, she ran aground in the swell, and despite attempts to lighten and free her, the ship began to sink. Some 450 survivors found refuge on the '' Indomptable'' which came to the rescue. On board the ''Indomptable'' there were more than 1200 men (crew and survivors of the ''Bucentaure''). On the evening of 23 October the storm broke her anchors and drove her back to the coast. Only 150 men were saved.

On 28 October 1805 Textoris embarked on the ship '' Héros'' as chief doctor of the Navy then passed with the same title on the hospital transport ''Achille'' on 21 April 1806 chartered to Cadiz to take to Toulon the wounded of Admiral François Étienne de Rosily-Mesros' naval army.

On 24 July 1807 he was on the '' Commerce de Paris'' until 22 January 1808.

However, his health, weakened by years of a service made him desire a sedentary position; he was requested and obtained an assignment in the maritime hospitals. He re-embarked from 27 September 1811 to 12 August 1815 on the training ship '' Duquesne'' anchored in the port of Toulon. He was assigned to the training of officer cadets. Boniface Textoris was to meet his son Marius, a young aspirant freshly graduated from his college in Draguignan.

Bourbon Restoration

Jean Boniface Textoris passed through the port of Marseille in 1816, where he was in charge of the health service.

In 1821, following the yellow fever epidemic in Catalonia the inhabitants of Marseilles have taken fright. Textoris, wanting to reassure them, read an "Overview on yellow fever" at a meeting of the Royal Medical Society of Marseille on 19 October 1821.

He was appointed vice-president and then president of the same academy on November 8, 1823. Suffering from ophthalmia, followed by supra-orbital neuralgia and rheumatic pain, he was forced to ask for his retirement after thirty years of service.

Jean Boniface Textoris died at Néoules (Var) on 3 September 1828.

Distinctions

* Knight of the Légion d'honneur (28 avril 1821).

Works

* Étude des eaux (1826)
* Dissertation sur le scorbut (1803)

Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Textoris, Jean Boniface
French military doctors
1773 births
1828 deaths
19th-century physicians
Military personnel from Toulon
Physicians from Toulon
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur