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The Jargon File is a
glossary A glossary (from grc, γλῶσσα, ''glossa''; language, speech, wording) also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a gl ...
and usage dictionary of
slang Slang is vocabulary (words, phrases, and usage (language), linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in spoken conversation but avoided in formal writing. It also sometimes refers to the language generally exclusive to the members of p ...
used by computer programmers. The original Jargon File was a collection of terms from technical cultures such as the MIT AI Lab, the Stanford AI Lab (SAIL) and others of the old
ARPANET The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foun ...
AI/
LISP A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants (, , , , , , , ). These misarticulations often result in unclear speech. Types * A frontal lisp occurs when the tongue is placed anterior to the target. Interdental lispi ...
/ PDP-10 communities, including Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Carnegie Mellon University, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute. It was published in paperback form in 1983 as ''The Hacker's Dictionary'' (edited by Guy Steele), revised in 1991 as ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' (ed. Eric S. Raymond; third edition published 1996). The concept of the file began with the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) that came out of early TX-0 and PDP-1 hackers in the 1950s, where the term hacker emerged and the ethic, philosophies and some of the nomenclature emerged.


1975 to 1983

The Jargon File (referred to here as "Jargon-1" or "the File") was made by Raphael Finkel at Stanford in 1975. From that time until the plug was finally pulled on the SAIL computer in 1991, the File was named "AIWORD.RF P,DOC (" P,DOC was a system directory for "User Program DOCumentation" on the WAITS operating system). Some terms, such as '' frob'', '' foo'' and '' mung'' are believed to date back to the early 1950s from the Tech Model Railroad Club at MIT and documented in the 1959 ''Dictionary of the TMRC Language'' compiled by Peter Samson. The revisions of Jargon-1 were all unnumbered and may be collectively considered "version 1". Note that it was always called "AIWORD" or "the Jargon file", never "the File"; the latter term was coined by Eric Raymond. In 1976, Mark Crispin, having seen an announcement about the File on the SAIL computer, FTPed a copy of the File to the MIT AI Lab. He noticed that it was hardly restricted to "AI words" and so stored the file on his directory, named as "AI:MRC;SAIL JARGON" ("AI" lab computer, directory "MRC", file "SAIL JARGON"). Raphael Finkel dropped out of active participation shortly thereafter and Don Woods became the SAIL contact for the File (which was subsequently kept in duplicate at SAIL and MIT, with periodic resynchronizations). The File expanded by fits and starts until 1983.
Richard Stallman Richard Matthew Stallman (; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, rms, is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to u ...
was prominent among the contributors, adding many MIT and ITS-related coinages. The Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) was named to distinguish it from another early MIT computer operating system, Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS). In 1981, a hacker named Charles Spurgeon got a large chunk of the File published in Stewart Brand's '' CoEvolution Quarterly'' (issue 29, pages 26–35) with illustrations by Phil Wadler and Guy Steele (including a couple of Steele's Crunchly cartoons). This appears to have been the File's first paper publication. A late version of Jargon-1, expanded with commentary for the mass market, was edited by Guy Steele into a book published in 1983 as ''The Hacker's Dictionary'' (Harper & Row CN 1082, ). It included all of Steele's Crunchly cartoons. The other Jargon-1 editors (Raphael Finkel, Don Woods, and Mark Crispin) contributed to this revision, as did Stallman and
Geoff Goodfellow Geoffrey S. Goodfellow (born 1956 in California) is an American entrepreneur associated with early wireless email ventures. Technology career In 1982 he posted a message titled "Electronic Mail for People on the Move" in an ARPANET mailing list c ...
. This book (now out of print) is hereafter referred to as "Steele-1983" and those six as the Steele-1983 coauthors.


1983 to 1990

Shortly after the publication of Steele-1983, the File effectively stopped growing and changing. Originally, this was due to a desire to freeze the file temporarily to ease the production of Steele-1983, but external conditions caused the "temporary" freeze to become permanent. The AI Lab culture had been hit hard in the late 1970s by funding cuts and the resulting administrative decision to use vendor-supported hardware and associated
proprietary software Proprietary software is computer software, software that is deemed within the free and open-source software to be non-free because its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner exercises a legal monopoly afforded by modern ...
instead of homebrew whenever possible. At MIT, most AI work had turned to dedicated Lisp machines. At the same time, the commercialization of AI technology lured some of the AI Lab's best and brightest away to startups along the Route 128 strip in Massachusetts and out west in
Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that serves as a global center for high technology and innovation. Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical areas San Mateo Count ...
. The startups built Lisp machines for MIT; the central MIT-AI computer became a TWENEX system rather than a host for the AI hackers' beloved ITS. The Stanford AI Lab had effectively ceased to exist by 1980, although the SAIL computer continued as a computer science department resource until 1991. Stanford became a major TWENEX site, at one point operating more than a dozen TOPS-20 systems, but by the mid-1980s, most of the interesting software work was being done on the emerging BSD Unix standard. In May 1983, the PDP-10-centered cultures that had nourished the File were dealt a death-blow by the cancellation of the Jupiter project at DEC. The File's compilers, already dispersed, moved on to other things. Steele-1983 was partly a monument to what its authors thought was a dying tradition; no one involved realized at the time just how wide its influence was to be. As mentioned in some editions:


1990 and later

A new revision was begun in 1990, which contained nearly the entire text of a late version of Jargon-1 (a few obsolete PDP-10-related entries were dropped after consultation with the editors of Steele-1983). It merged in about 80% of the Steele-1983 text, omitting some framing material and a very few entries introduced in Steele-1983 that are now only of historical interest. The new version cast a wider net than the old Jargon File; its aim was to cover not just AI or PDP-10 hacker culture but all of the technical computing cultures in which the true hacker-nature is manifested. More than half of the entries now derived from
Usenet Usenet () is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it was ...
and represent jargon then current in the C and
Unix Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...
communities, but special efforts were made to collect jargon from other cultures including IBM PC programmers, Amiga fans, Mac enthusiasts, and even the IBM mainframe world. Eric Raymond maintained the new File with assistance from Guy Steele, and is the credited editor of the print version of it, ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' (published by
MIT Press The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States). It was established in 1962. History The MIT Press traces its origins back to 1926 when MIT publ ...
in 1991); hereafter Raymond-1991. Some of the changes made under his watch were controversial; early critics accused Raymond of unfairly changing the file's focus to the Unix hacker culture instead of the older hacker cultures where the Jargon File originated. Raymond has responded by saying that the nature of hacking had changed and the Jargon File should report on hacker culture, and not attempt to enshrine it. After the second edition of ''NHD'' (MIT Press, 1993; hereafter Raymond-1993), Raymond was accused of adding terms reflecting his own politics and vocabulary, even though he says that entries to be added are checked to make sure that they are in live use, not "just the private coinage of one or two people". The Raymond version was revised again, to include terminology from the nascent subculture of the public Internet and the World Wide Web, and published by MIT Press as ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'', Third Edition, in 1996. , no updates have been made to the official Jargon File since 2003. A volunteer editor produced two updates, reflecting later influences (mostly excoriated) from text messaging language, LOLspeak, and Internet slang in general; the last was produced in January 2012.


Impact and reception


Influence

Despite its tongue-in-cheek approach, multiple other style guides and similar works have cited ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' as a reference, and even recommended following some of its "hackish" best practices. The ''
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a com ...
'' has used the ''NHD'' as a source for computer-related
neologism A neologism Greek νέο- ''néo''(="new") and λόγος /''lógos'' meaning "speech, utterance"] is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not been fully accepted int ...
s. '' The Chicago Manual of Style'', the leading American academic and book-publishing style guide, beginning with its 15th edition (2003) explicitly defers, for "computer writing", to the quotation punctuation style '' logical quotation'' recommended by the essay "Hacker Writing Style" in ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' (and cites ''NHD'' for nothing else). The 16th edition (2010, and the current issue ) does likewise. The '' National Geographic Style Manual'' lists ''NHD'' among only 8 specialized dictionaries, out of 22 total sources, on which it is based. That manual is the house style of NGS publications, and has been available online for public browsing since 1995. The ''NGSM'' does not specify what, in particular, it drew from the ''NHD'' or any other source. Aside from these guides and the ''Encyclopedia of New Media'', the Jargon file, especially in print form, is frequently cited for both its definitions and its essays, by books and other works on hacker history,
cyberpunk Cyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction in a dystopian Futurism, futuristic setting that tends to focus on a "combination of low-life, lowlife and high tech", featuring futuristic technological and scientific achievements, such as artificial in ...
subculture, computer jargon and online style, and the rise of the Internet as a public medium, in works as diverse as the 20th edition of ''A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology'' edited by José Ángel García Landa (2015); ''Wired Style: Principles of English Usage in the Digital Age'' by Constance Hale and Jessie Scanlon of '' Wired'' magazine (1999); ''Transhumanism: The History of a Dangerous Idea'' by David Livingstone (2015); Mark Dery's ''Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture'' (1994) and ''Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century'' (2007); ''Beyond Cyberpunk! A Do-it-yourself Guide to the Future'' by Gareth Branwyn and Peter Sugarman (1991); and numerous others. ''
Time Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, t ...
'' magazine used ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' (Raymond-1993) as the basis for an article about online culture in the November 1995 inaugural edition of the "Time Digital" department. ''NHD'' was cited by name on the front page of ''
The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
''. Upon the release of the second edition, ''
Newsweek ''Newsweek'' is an American weekly online news magazine co-owned 50 percent each by Dev Pragad, its president and CEO, and Johnathan Davis, who has no operational role at ''Newsweek''. Founded as a weekly print magazine in 1933, it was widely ...
'' used it as a primary source, and quoted entries in a sidebar, for a major article on the Internet and its history. The MTV show ''This Week in Rock'' used excerpts from the Jargon File in its "CyberStuff" segments. '' Computing Reviews'' used one of the Jargon File's definitions on its December 1991 cover. On October 23, 2003, ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' was used in a legal case. SCO Group cited the 1996 edition definition of "FUD" ( fear, uncertainty and doubt), which dwelt on questionable IBM business practices, in a legal filing in the civil lawsuit ''
SCO Group, Inc. v. International Business Machines Corp. ''SCO Group, Inc. v. International Business Machines Corp.'', commonly abbreviated as ''SCO v. IBM'', is a civil lawsuit in the United States District Court of Utah. The SCO Group asserted that there are legal uncertainties regarding the use of ...
''. The correct version number is actually 4.4.7, as given in the rest of the documents there. (In response, Raymond added SCO to the entry in a revised copy of the ''Jargon File'', feeling that SCO's own practices deserved similar criticism.)


Defense of the term ''hacker''

The book is particularly noted for helping (or at least trying) to preserve the distinction between a hacker (a consummate programmer) and a
cracker Cracker, crackers or The Crackers may refer to: Animals * ''Hamadryas'' (butterfly), or crackers, a genus of brush-footed butterflies * '' Sparodon'', a monotypic genus whose species is sometimes known as "Cracker" Arts and entertainment Films ...
(a
computer criminal A cybercrime is a crime that involves a computer or a computer network.Moore, R. (2005) "Cyber crime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime," Cleveland, Mississippi: Anderson Publishing. The computer may have been used in committing the ...
); even though not reviewing the book in detail, both the '' London Review of Books'' and ''
MIT Technology Review ''MIT Technology Review'' is a bimonthly magazine wholly owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and editorially independent of the university. It was founded in 1899 as ''The Technology Review'', and was re-launched without "The" in ...
'' remarked on it in this regard. In a substantial entry on the work, the ''Encyclopedia of New Media'' by Steve Jones (2002) observed that this defense of the term ''hacker'' was a motivating factor for both Steele's and Raymond's print editions:


Reviews and reactions

'' PC Magazine'' in 1984, stated that ''The Hacker's Dictionary'' was superior to most other computer-humor books, and noted its authenticity to "hard-core programmers' conversations", especially slang from MIT and Stanford. Reviews quoted by the publisher include: William Safire of ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' referring to the Raymond-1991 ''NHD'' as a "sprightly lexicon" and recommending it as a nerdy gift that holiday season (this reappeared in his "On Language" column again in mid-October 1992); Hugh Kenner in ''
Byte The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit ...
'' suggesting that it was so engaging that one's reading of it should be "severely timed if you hope to get any work done"; and ''
Mondo 2000 ''Mondo 2000'' was a glossy cyberculture magazine published in California during the 1980s and 1990s. It covered cyberpunk topics such as virtual reality and smart drugs. It was a more anarchic and subversive prototype for the later-founded ' ...
'' describing it as "slippery, elastic fun with language", as well as "not only a useful guidebook to very much un-official technical terms and street tech slang, but also a de facto ethnography of the early years of the hacker culture". Positive reviews were also published in academic as well as computer-industry publications, including ''
IEEE Spectrum ''IEEE Spectrum'' is a magazine edited by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a 501(c)(3) professional association for electronic engineering and electrical e ...
'', ''
New Scientist ''New Scientist'' is a magazine covering all aspects of science and technology. Based in London, it publishes weekly English-language editions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. An editorially separate organisation publish ...
'', '' PC Magazine'', '' PC World'', ''
Science Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earli ...
'', and (repeatedly) ''Wired''. US game designer Steve Jackson, writing for '' Boing Boing'' magazine in its pre-blog, print days, described ''NHD'' essay "A Portrait of J. Random Hacker" as "a wonderfully accurate pseudo-demographic description of the people who make up the hacker culture". He was nevertheless critical of Raymond's tendency to editorialize, even "
flame A flame (from Latin '' flamma'') is the visible, gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic chemical reaction taking place in a thin zone. When flames are hot enough to have ionized gaseous components of sufficient density the ...
", and of the Steele cartoons, which Jackson described as "sophomoric, and embarrassingly out of place beside the dry and sophisticated humor of the text". He wound down his review with some rhetorical questions: Originally published in '' Boing Boing'' magazine, Vol. 1, No. 10. The third print edition garnered additional coverage, in the usual places like ''Wired'' (August 1996), and even in mainstream venues, including ''
People A person ( : people) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of proper ...
'' magazine (October 21, 1996).


References

*


Further reading

* * * *


External links

* (2004), Raymond's; mentions 4.4.8, but the available copy is 4.4.7
Archive
(1981–2003); Steven Ehrbar's: ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * {{webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827121341/http://cosman246.com/jargon.html , date=August 27, 2013 , title=Ver. 5.0.1 (2012) post-Raymond; last major revision 1991 non-fiction books Books about computer hacking Books by Eric S. Raymond Books by Guy L. Steele Jr. Computer books Computer humor Computer jargon Computer programming folklore Computer-related introductions in 1975 Creative Commons-licensed books English dictionaries Free software culture and documents Software engineering folklore Works about computer hacking