Japanese Pear

''Pyrus pyrifolia'' is a species of pear tree native to southern China and northern Indochina that has been introduced to Korea, Japan and other parts of the world. The tree's edible fruit is known by many names, including Asian pear, Persian pear, Japanese pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear, Taiwanese pear, apple pear, zodiac pear, three-halves pear, papple, naspati and sand pear. Along with cultivars of ''P''. × ''bretschneideri'' and ''Pyrus ussuriensis'', the fruit is also called the nashi pear. Cultivars derived from ''Pyrus pyrifolia'' are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such Pakistan, Nepal, Australia, New Zealand, and America. Traditionally in East Asia the tree's flowers are a popular symbol of early spring, and it is a common sight in gardens and the countryside.

The fruits are not generally baked in pies or made into jams because they have a high water content and a crisp, grainy texture, very different from the European varieties. They are commonly served raw and peeled. The fruit tends to be quite large and fragrant. When carefully wrapped, having a tendency to bruise because of its juiciness, it can last for several weeks (or more) in a cold, dry place.

Culture

Due to their relatively high price and the large size of the fruit of cultivars, the pears tend to be served to guests, given as gifts, or eaten together in a family setting.

In cooking, ground pears are used in vinegar- or soy sauce-based sauces as a sweetener, instead of sugar. They are also used when marinating meat, especially beef, with a notable example being in the Korean dish bulgogi, due to the presence of enzymes to tenderize the proteins in the meat.

In Australia, these pears were first introduced into commercial production beginning in 1980.

In Japan, fruit is harvested in Chiba, Ibaraki, Tottori, Fukushima, Tochigi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama and other prefectures, except Okinawa. ''Nashi'' () may be used as a late Autumn ''kigo'', or "season word", when writing haiku. ''Nashi no hana'' (, pear flower) is also used as a ''kigo'' of spring. At least one city ( Kamagaya-Shi, Chiba Prefecture) has the flowers of this tree as an official city flower.

In Nepal ( Nepali: ''Naspati'' नस्पाती) and the Himalayan states of India, they are cultivated as a cash crop in the Middle Hills between about in elevation, where the climate is suitable. The fruit are carried to nearby markets by human porters or, increasingly, by truck, but not for long distances because they bruise easily.

In Taiwan, pears harvested in Japan have become luxurious presents since 1997 and their consumption has jumped.

In China, the term "sharing a pear" ( zh, c=分梨, p=fēn lí) is a homophone of "separate" ( zh, s=分离, t=分離, p=fēnlí). As a result, sharing a pear with a loved one can be read as a desire to separate from them.

In Korea, the fruit is known as (), and it is grown and consumed in great quantity. In the South Korean city of Naju, there is a museum called The Naju Pear Museum and Pear Orchard for Tourists ().

In Cyprus, the pears were introduced in 2010 after initially being investigated as a new fruit crop for the island in the early 1990s. They are currently grown in Kyperounta.

Cultivars

Cultivars are classified in two groups. Most of the cultivars belong to the ''Akanashi'' ('Russet pears') group, and have yellowish-brown rinds. The ''Aonashi'' ('Green pears') have yellow-green rinds.

Important cultivars include:
* 'Chojuro' (, Japan, 1893?) ('Russet pears')
* 'Kosui' (, Japan, 1959; the most important cultivar in Japan) ('Russet pears')
* 'Hosui' (, Japan, 1972) ('Russet pears')
* 'Imamuraaki' (, Japan, native) ('Russet pears')
* 'Nijisseiki' (, Japan, 1898; name means "20th century", also spelled 'Nijusseiki') ('Green pears')
* 'Niitaka' (, Japan, 1927) ('Russet pears')
* 'Okusankichi' (, Japan, native) ('Russet pears')
* 'Raja' (new) ('Russet pears')
* 'Shinko' (, Japan, pre-1941) ('Russet pears') ('Russet pears')
* 'Hwangkeum' (, , Korea, 1984, 'Niitaka' × 'Nijisseiki')
* 'Huanghuali' (not to be confused with the wood of '' Dalbergia odorifera'', also called Huanghuali)

Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta

''Pyrus pyrifolia'' var. ''culta'' is a Japanese cultivar of pears. It is also known as a Nashi tree. Sometimes called the Sand Pear

Yamanashi Prefecture is named after the fruit.

Kanji

It has a Chinese character representing it in Japanese . It is one of the Kyōiku kanji or Kanji taught in elementary school in Japan.

It is one of the 20 kanji added to the Kyoiku kanji that are found in the names of the following prefectures of Japan

It also generically refers to Pears in Chinese.

Gallery

File:Korean pear.jpg, A Japanese pear wrapped with a ribbon to give as a gift. A United States quarter is provided for scale
File:Asian.pear-Pyrus.pyrifolia-01.jpg, Sliced
File:Nashi-pear,katori-city,japan.JPG, Whole and cut
File:Asian.pear-Pyrus.pyrifolia-03.jpg, Padded to stop bruising
File:Asian.pear-Pyrus.pyrifolia-06.jpg, Group foamed for shipping
File:Korean.pear-Bae-Singo-01.jpg, At a South Korean market
File:Nashi pear tree in bloom.jpg, Nashi pear tree in bloom
File:Golden Asian Pear.png, Whole Golden Asian Pear
File:Golden Asian Pear 2.png, Whole Golden Asian Pear

Notes

External links

Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability - Japanese pear
The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, 1994-11-04.
*
ニホンナシ育成品種の系統図 (Cultivar trees of Japanese pears)
National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan
* Shin Hiratsuka, Shao-Ling Zhang
Relationships between fruit set, pollen-tube growth, and S-RNase concentration in the self-incompatible Japanese pear
''Scientia Horticulturae'', 95 (4), 309-318 (2002).
* Carlos Castillo, Takeshi Takasaki, Toshihiro Saito, Shigemi Norioka, Tetsu Nakanishi
Clonlng of the ''S₈-RNase'' (''S₈'' allele) of Japanese Pear (''Pyrus pyrifolia'' Nakai)
''Plant Biotechnology'', 19 (1), 1-6 (2002).
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q838963

Agriculture in Japan
Fruits originating in East Asia
Kyōiku kanji
Pears
pyrifolia
Taxa named by Nicolaas Laurens Burman
Yamanashi Prefecture