was a planned
battleship
A battleship is a large, heavily naval armour, armored warship with a main battery consisting of large naval gun, guns, designed to serve as a capital ship. From their advent in the late 1880s, battleships were among the largest and most form ...
of the
Imperial Japanese Navy
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, Potsdam Declaration, when it was dissolved followin ...
. Designed by
Yuzuru Hiraga, ''Tosa'' was to be the first of two ships. Displacing and armed with ten guns, these warships would have brought Japan closer to its goal of an "Eight-four" fleet (eight battleships and four
battlecruiser
The battlecruiser (also written as battle cruiser or battle-cruiser) was a type of capital ship of the first half of the 20th century. These were similar in displacement, armament and cost to battleships, but differed in form and balance of att ...
s). The ship was
laid down
Laying the keel or laying down is the formal recognition of the start of a ship's construction. It is often marked with a ceremony attended by dignitaries from the shipbuilding company and the ultimate owners of the ship.
Keel laying is one ...
in 1920, but all work was halted after the signing of the
Washington Naval Treaty
The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was signed during 1922 among the major Allies of World War I, Allies of World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting Navy, naval construction. It was negotiated at ...
in 1922. As the treaty required the vessel to be destroyed, it was used for weapons testing before being
scuttled
Scuttling is the act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull, typically by its crew opening holes in its hull.
Scuttling may be performed to dispose of an abandoned, old, or captured vessel; to prevent the vesse ...
in February 1925.
Design and construction

Designed by
Yuzuru Hiraga, ''Tosa'' was intended to be part of a Japanese "Eight-four fleet", comprising eight battleships and four battlecruisers, the successor to the proposed "
Eight-eight fleet". ''Tosa'' and its
sister ship
A sister ship is a ship of the same Ship class, class or of virtually identical design to another ship. Such vessels share a nearly identical hull and superstructure layout, similar size, and roughly comparable features and equipment. They o ...
were intended to be the second set of high-speed battleships (after the ) under the plan, and were approved for construction in the
Diet's 14 July 1917 warship-building authorization. Engineering blueprints for the two ships were completed by Japanese naval engineers in 1919. Based on Japanese studies of the British experience at the
Battle of Jutland
The Battle of Jutland () was a naval battle between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet, under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, durin ...
, the ships were to include new features over previous designs, including higher steaming speed despite increased tonnage, flush decks, and inclined armor.
[Lacroix, ''Japanese Cruisers'', 14]
''Tosa'' was
laid down
Laying the keel or laying down is the formal recognition of the start of a ship's construction. It is often marked with a ceremony attended by dignitaries from the shipbuilding company and the ultimate owners of the ship.
Keel laying is one ...
on 16 February 1920 by
Mitsubishi
The is a group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies in a variety of industries.
Founded by Yatarō Iwasaki in 1870, the Mitsubishi Group traces its origins to the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, a unified company that existed from 1870 to 194 ...
in
Nagasaki
, officially , is the capital and the largest Cities of Japan, city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.
Founded by the Portuguese, the port of Portuguese_Nagasaki, Nagasaki became the sole Nanban trade, port used for tr ...
(at the Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works).
[Friedman, "Japan", 232][Garzke and Dulin, ''Battleships'', 213][Breyer, ''Battleships and battle cruisers'', 350] It utilized the same
slipway
A slipway, also known as boat ramp or launch or boat deployer, is a ramp on the shore by which ships or boats can be moved to and from the water. They are used for building and repairing ships and boats, and for launching and retrieving smal ...
where, two decades later, the would be built.
[Breyer, ''Battleships of the World'', 229] ''Tosa'' was originally scheduled to be
launched in October 1921, but multiple
strikes delayed it until November.
[Hall, "Professional Notes", 111] Ultimately, the battleship was not launched until 18 December 1921, two months behind schedule.
Fitting-out commenced soon after with a projected completion date of July 1922.
[Watts, ''The Imperial Japanese Navy'', 63] Work on ''Tosa'' was halted on 5 February 1922, one day before Japan signed the
Washington Naval Treaty
The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was signed during 1922 among the major Allies of World War I, Allies of World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting Navy, naval construction. It was negotiated at ...
.
Under the terms of the treaty, construction of ''Tosa'' and ''Kaga'' was formally canceled on 5 May 1922.
[Evans and Peattie, ''Kaigun'', 246]
Career

In August 1922, ''Tosa'' was moved to
Kure, still incomplete.
Fifty thousand people turned out to watch as the battleship was towed out of the harbor by five tugboats.
[Yoshimura, ''Battleship Musashi'', 11] The
barbette
Barbettes are several types of gun emplacement in terrestrial fortifications or on naval ships.
In recent naval usage, a barbette is a protective circular armour support for a heavy gun turret. This evolved from earlier forms of gun protection ...
s for the 410 mm (16.1 inch) guns were in place, but no
turrets or weapons had been mounted, so the holes in the main deck were covered with a
mesh
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. It serves as a thesaurus of index terms that facilitates searching. Created and updated by th ...
-like material. The ship's
hull was finished, and a superstructure deck,
bridge deck
A deck is the surface of a bridge. A structural element of its superstructure
A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildin ...
and
conning tower
A conning tower is a raised platform on a ship or submarine, often armoured, from which an officer in charge can conn (nautical), conn (conduct or control) the vessel, controlling movements of the ship by giving orders to those responsible for t ...
had been fitted, along with a light signal
mast directly
aft of the second barbette. The conning tower had to be outfitted as a bridge, as there was no other suitable location; compared with those of similar ships, it was much smaller, as it contained only two levels and
bridge wings. An exhaust pipe resembling an extremely small
funnel
A funnel is a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding liquid or powder into a small opening.
Funnels are usually made of stainless steel, aluminium, glass, or plastic. The material used in its constructi ...
was fitted so heat could be supplied within the ship.
Its guns were turned over to the
Imperial Japanese Army
The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA; , ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'', "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during th ...
for use as
coastal artillery
Coastal artillery is the branch of the armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal fortifications.
From the Middle Ages until World War II, coastal artillery and naval artillery in the form of ...
; one of its main gun turrets was installed near
Busan
Busan (), officially Busan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's second list of cities in South Korea by population, most populous city after Seoul, with a population of over 3.3 million as of 2024. Formerly romanized as Pusan, it is the economi ...
,
Korea
Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...
, in 1930 and another on
Tsushima Island in 1933. The rest of its guns were placed in reserve and ultimately scrapped in 1943.
''Tosa'' remained in Kure until mid-1924.
Stricken on 1 April 1924, the ship—with its hull virtually finished—was designated for use in testing the effectiveness of shells and torpedoes against its armor arrangements.
[Garzke and Dulin, ''Battleships'', 214] As a result, in June 1924 the navy's gunnery school took possession of the hull and prepared it for testing.
Test target
During 6–13 June, ''Tosa'' was subjected to five explosions. The first involved a Mk.I mine placed on the
starboard
Port and starboard are Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z), nautical terms for watercraft and spacecraft, referring respectively to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the Bow (watercraft), bow (front).
Vessels with bil ...
side of the ship, below the
waterline
The waterline is the line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water.
A waterline can also refer to any line on a ship's hull that is parallel to the water's surface when the ship is afloat in a level trimmed position. Hence, wate ...
at
frame 57. The resultant explosion ruptured about of hull, while dishing in another of plating. Flooding took 23 compartments within the ship, 17 quickly and five slowly; a total of of water entered the ship, increasing the ship's
list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
to starboard by about ° 54'.
[Garzke and Dulin, ''Battleships'', 214–216]
The second and fifth test charges (8 and 13 June) were both placed near the fore
main battery
A main battery is the primary weapon or group of weapons around which a warship is designed. As such, a main battery was historically a naval gun or group of guns used in volleys, as in the broadsides of cannon on a ship of the line. Later, th ...
magazines
A magazine is a periodical literature, periodical publication, print or digital, produced on a regular schedule, that contains any of a variety of subject-oriented textual and visual content (media), content forms. Magazines are generally fin ...
. Involving larger charges than the first—about (a
6th year type torpedo) and (a
9th year type mine)—they were both placed at frame 87: the second to port and below the waterline, the fifth to starboard and below. Both breached the side protection system—allowing 1,008 and 726 long tons (1,024 and 738 t) of water, respectively, to enter the ship—showing that the usual three-compartment, all-void system used in most Japanese battleships was an insufficient defense against modern torpedoes. The list incurred during test two was a ° 16' change, resulting in a port list of ° 36'; for test five these numbers were ° 38' and a starboard list of ° 48'.
Similar to two and five, tests three and four were conducted at the same frame (192) but on opposite sides. Frame 192 was in the middle of the ship, where the ship's protection system was designed to be the strongest. Test three (9 June) was a
8th year type torpedo on the starboard side at a depth of under the ship's waterline; four (12 June) was a torpedo to port, below the waterline. The tests ruptured 15 and 26 m
2 (160 and 280 sq ft), dished in 160 and 110 m
2 (1,700 and 1,200 sq ft) of plating, and allowed 1,203 and 1,160 long tons (1,222 and 1,180 t) of water to enter the ship. Test three allowed in the most water of all the tests and, as a result, the list was altered from a previous port-side ° 51' to a starboard-side ° 22'—a change of ° 13'. Test four went from a starboard ° 0' to a port ° 20'.
Further tests included the explosion of several Type 8 torpedoes filled with 300–346 kg (660–760 lbs) of
picric acid
Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (O2N)3C6H2OH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name "picric" comes from (''pikros''), meaning "bitter", due to its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like ot ...
within ''Tosa''s designed magazine for them, which was located forward of the first turret and had been considered a weak point in previous battleship designs. This caused "extreme structural damage above the waterline" to ''Tosa'', and confirmed that any problem in that part of the ship could seriously harm it. Possible solutions included the installation of additional armor over the room or the use of walls on one side of the magazine that would be
blown out and away from the ship in the event of any serious explosion inside. This would have the effect of focusing the explosion outside, minimizing structural damage to the ship itself. Another test involved the explosion of of
TNT
Troponin T (shortened TnT or TropT) is a part of the troponin complex, which are proteins integral to the contraction of skeletal and heart muscles. They are expressed in skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Troponin T binds to tropomyosin and helps ...
away from the side of the ship.
Another test conducted around this time involved a
gun firing a shell at ''Tosa''. It fell about short of the ship, but continued through the water and struck the ship near frame 228, below the designed
waterline
The waterline is the line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water.
A waterline can also refer to any line on a ship's hull that is parallel to the water's surface when the ship is afloat in a level trimmed position. Hence, wate ...
. The result was disturbing to the Japanese, as the shell passed through of armor and exploded in the port engine room. The hole let of water in, and ''Tosa''s list increased from ° 53' to ° 06'.
Results of the tests on ''Tosa'' were subsequently used in the refitting and reconstruction of existing warships. Lessons learned were also incorporated into the designs of the s ten years later. In the latter, this meant that the side
belt armor
Belt armor is a layer of heavy metal armor plated onto or within the outer hulls of warships, typically on battleships, battlecruisers and cruisers, and aircraft carriers.
The belt armor is designed to prevent projectiles from penetrating to ...
was continued below the
waterline
The waterline is the line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water.
A waterline can also refer to any line on a ship's hull that is parallel to the water's surface when the ship is afloat in a level trimmed position. Hence, wate ...
and beneath the
torpedo bulge so the class would have a defense against underwater shells.
Sinking

For the next few months, ''Tosa'' was given to the Hiroshima gunnery school for use as a target. On 14 January 1925, the
Navy Ministry of Japan ordered ''Tosa'' to be
scuttled
Scuttling is the act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull, typically by its crew opening holes in its hull.
Scuttling may be performed to dispose of an abandoned, old, or captured vessel; to prevent the vesse ...
within one month's time. To ensure this, the Commander in Chief of the
Kure Naval District
was the second of four main administrative districts of the pre-war Imperial Japanese Navy. Its territory included the Inland Sea of Japan and the Pacific coasts of southern Honshū from Wakayama to Yamaguchi prefectures, eastern and northern K ...
directed that preparations for scuttling the ship be completed by 1 February. It was planned that ''Tosa'' would be scuttled on or before 10 February after being towed by the former battleship to a location south of the
Mizunokojima Lighthouse and west of
Okinoshima Island (located southwest of the present-day
Kōchi Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kōchi Prefecture has a population of 669,516 (1 April 2023) and has a geographic area of 7,103 km2 (2,742 sq mi). Kōchi Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the northwest and Tok ...
, and different from the island of
Okinoshima that is in the Sea of Japan). Later that month, the United States
Office of Naval Intelligence
The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) is the military intelligence agency of the United States Navy. Established in 1882 primarily to advance the Navy's modernization efforts, it is the oldest member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and serv ...
reported that "work on the dismantling of Tosa has been going on at the
Kure Naval Arsenal
was one of four principal naval shipyards owned and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy.
History
The Kure Naval District was established at Kure, Hiroshima in 1889, as the second of the naval districts responsible for the defense of the ...
and everything possible has been removed. The intention is to fill her hull with sand and gravel, tow her out to deep water near the entrance to Kure, open her sea cocks, and send her to the bottom."
''Tosa'' was brought from Kure on 3 February to
Saiki Bay in the
Bungo Channel.
[Lengerer, "Battleships of the ''Kaga'' Class", 89–90] It was then towed from the bay on the 6th with the intention of bringing the battleship to the designated sinking spot, but were thwarted by a strong storm and returned. A second attempt was made at 10:00 on the 8th. Explosive "mines" were embarked: two shells were placed inside ''Tosa''s
double bottom
A double hull is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which is some di ...
, and two containers with of
Shimose powder in each were put into the engine room on the port side. They would be detonated using electrical fuses, though time fuses were also fitted for use if the sea was calm.
The explosives were triggered on the 8th, but they failed, so a contingent was sent aboard ''Tosa'' on the 9th; they opened six
Kingston valves in the engine room at about 01:25. Soon after, ''Tosa'' slowly began to sink by the stern and to starboard. By 03:50, the rate increased, and the ship slipped beneath the waves by 07:00.
''Tosa'' was the tenth and final Japanese capital ship sunk or
scrapped to comply with the Washington naval treaty's stipulations.
See also
*
Hashima Island
, commonly called , is an abandoned island off Nagasaki, lying about from the centre of the city. It is one of 505 uninhabited islands in Nagasaki Prefecture. The island's most notable features are its abandoned concrete buildings, undisturbe ...
, also known as (), received its nickname from an apparent resemblance to ''Tosa''
Notes
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
Friedman, Norman. "Japan" in
* "Appendix A; The ''Tosa'' Experiments" in
*
*
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* (contact the editor at lars.ahlberghalmstad.mail.postnet.se for subscription information)
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Further reading
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tosa
Tosa-class battleships
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
1921 ships
Scuttled vessels
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in 1925