Jani Beg

Jani Beg ( Persian: جانی بیگ, Turki/ Kypchak: جانی بک; died 1357), also known as Janibek Khan, was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 until his death in 1357. He succeeded his father Öz Beg Khan.

Reign

With the support of his mother Taydula Khatun, Jani Beg made himself khan after eliminating his older brother and rival Tini Beg at Saray-Jük in 1342; he had already killed another ambitious brother, Khiḍr Beg. He is known to have actively interfered in the affairs of the Russian principalities and of Lithuania. The grand princes of Moscow, Simeon and Ivan II, were under constant political and military pressure from Jani Beg.

Jani Beg commanded a massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa, then a Genoese colony, in 1343. The siege was lifted by an Italian relief force in February. In 1345, Jani Beg again besieged Kaffa; however, his assault was again unsuccessful due to an outbreak of plague among his troops. Jani Beg's army catapulted infected corpses into Kaffa in an attempt to use the plague to weaken the defenders. Infected Genoese sailors subsequently sailed from Kaffa to Genoa, Messina, and Constantinople, introducing the Black Death into Europe. The story involving the catapult has been disputed. It is originally based on Gabriel de Mussis of Piacenza in Italy, who wrote about the plague in 1348. It is more likely that rats carrying plague-infested fleas went from the Jani Beg's camp to the city and thereby infected the Genoese.

In 1342, Janibeg temporarily imposed a tax on the Orthodox church in Russia at the instigation of a Russian prince who harbored resentment toward the church due to its significant wealth and reputation. By that time, the Golden Horde's treasury had drained because of natural disasters and warfare; however, Janibeg restored the tax exempt status of the church in September 1347 and reconfirmed it in 1351, returning to the religious policy of Genghis Khan.

In 1356, Jani Beg conquered the city of Tabriz, installing his own governor. He also asserted Jochid dominance over the Chagatai Khanate, attempting to unite the three khanates of the Mongol Empire. After accepting surrender from Shaikh Uvais, Jani Beg boasted that three ''ulus'' (districts/nations) of the Mongol Empire were under his control. Soon after this, he faced an uprising in Tabriz resulting in the rise to power of the Jalayirid dynasty, an offshoot of Ilkhanate, and ultimately in the death of the Khan.

The Chudov Monastery in Moscow, founded at about the time of Jani Beg's fall by Metropolitan Aleksii and Sergii of Radonezh, was built on land that according to legend was granted to Aleksii by the Khan as thanks for the miraculous curing of his mother Taydula by the former.

The reign of Jani Beg was marked by the first signs of the feudal strife which would eventually contribute to the demise of the Golden Horde. Jani Beg's assassination in 1357 opened a quarter-century of political turmoil within the Golden Horde. Twenty-five khans took power between 1357 and 1378.

Image:Alessio-Kapkov.jpg, ''Metropolitan Alexis Healing the Tatar Queen Taidula from Blindness while Janibeg Looks on'', Yakov Kapkov (1816–54)
Image:Taidula.jpg, Metropolitan Alexis healing Jani Beg's mother from blindness (detail from a 15th- or 16th-century painting by Dionisius)
File:Бердибек убивает Джанибека.png, The murder of Jani Beg by Berdi Beg (miniature from a volume of the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible)

Catalan Atlas (1375)

Jani Beg appears in the 1375 Catalan Atlas: the Mongol polity of the Golden Horde is accurately depicted north of the Caspian Sea. Jani Beg has been identified in this representation, being mentioned as "", and the flag of the Golden Horde also appears (). The caption to the right of his depiction reads:

The symbolism of the Golden Horde flag depicted by the Catalan Atlas () is fairly similar to the type of tamgha symbols (such as ) actually found on the coinage of the Golden Horde. Such symbols were used until the time of Jani Beg, but essentially disappear thereafter.

Family

Jani Beg had a number of sons, only one of whom, Berdi Beg, reigned after him but who proceeded to eliminate his brothers. Two or three more khans appear to have claimed to be Jani Beg's sons and are sometimes treated as such by modern scholars.

* Berdi Beg (r. 1357–1359)
*(pretended?) Qulpa (r. 1359–1360)
*(pretended?) Nawruz Beg (r. 1360)
*(pretended?) Kildi Beg (r. 1361–1362)
* a daughter, Shakar Beg, married Aq Sufi Qongirat, the prince of the Sufi dynasty of Khwarezm. Their daughter Khanzada Begum later married into the Timurid dynasty.Martin Bernard Dickson, Michel M. Mazzaoui, Vera Basch Moreen, ''Intellectual studies on Islam: essays written in honor of Martin B. Dickson'' (1990), p. 113.

Genealogy

*Genghis Khan
**Jochi
*** Batu Khan
**** Toqoqan
***** Mengu-Timur
******Toghrilcha
******* Uzbeg Khan
********Jani Beg

In popular culture

The 2012 Russian film '' The Horde'' is set during the reign of Jani Beg and is a highly fictionalised narrative of how Aleksii healed Taidula from blindness.

See also

* List of khans of the Golden Horde

References

Bibliography

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* David Morgan, ''The Mongols''
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Jani

1357 deaths
Khans of the Golden Horde
Murdered royalty
14th-century monarchs in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Mongol Empire Muslims