Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...

nobleman Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristi ...

knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the G ...

, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. He was Grand Crown

Hetman ( uk, гетьман, translit=het'man) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders. Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century. It was the title of the second-highest military ...

from 1527, and was the founder of the city of

Tarnopol Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a city in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Ternopi ...

, where he built the Ternopil Castle and the

Ternopil Pond Ternopil Lake (Ukrainian: Тернопільський став, known as Komsomol Lake before 1992, non-official ''Ternopil Lake'') is a large artificial pond, a reservoir set in the center of Ternopil created in the place of swamps on the river ...

History

Tarnowski was born in 1488, the son of Jan Amor Junior Tarnowski, castellan of Kraków, and his second wife Barbara of Rożnów, granddaughter of the knight Zawisza the Black. He was a scion of an important family clan started in the mid-14th century by

Spycimir Leliwita Spycimir, also Spyćmier, Spyćmir, Spyćmierz, Spićymierz, etc., is an old Polish masculine given name. Etymology: ''spyci-'': "in vain", ''-mir'': "peace". Diminutives: Spytko, Spytek. Its name day is 26 April.Bogdan Kupis, ''Nasze imiona'', 199 ...

, castellan of Kraków. Tarnowski had five half-siblings from his father's first marriage: Jan Amor the Elder, Jan Aleksander (d. 1497), Katarzyna, Zofia and Elżbieta. He had also five half-sisters from his mother's first marriage. He spent his earliest years in Rożnowo and Stare Sioło. He was originally intended to become a priest; but after his father's death in 1500, his mentor Maciej Drzewiecki convinced Barbara of Rożnowo to abandon this plan. In 1501, Tarnowski was sent to the king's court; but on 17 June 1501, king

John I Albert John I Albert ( pl, Jan I Olbracht; 27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was King of Poland from 1492 until his death in 1501 and Duke of Głogów (Glogau) from 1491 to 1498. He was the fourth Polish sovereign from the Jagiellonian dynasty, the so ...

died and he returned to Rożnowo, to his mother's domain. POL Warsaw Pałac Ursynów7

In 1508, Tarnowski fought against Muscovy in the

battle of Orsza The Battle of Orsha ( be, Бітва пад Оршай, translit=Bitva pad Oršaj, lt, Oršos mūšis, pl, bitwa pod Orszą, uk, Битва під Оршею), was a battle fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the Grand Du ...

; in 1509, against Moldavia in the battle of Chocim, and upon the

Dniester The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and ...

as a commander of his own ''

chorągiew Chorągiew (; literally: "banner") was the basic administrative unit of the Polish and Lithuanian cavalry from the 14th century. An alternative name until the 17th century was '' Rota''. 14th to 17th centuries Between the 14th and 17th century ...

'' (banner/company). In 1512, he was involved in the battle of Łopuszna, in which the

Tatars The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

were defeated by the Polish forces. He made a pilgrimage to the

Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Ho ...

, and in 1518 became a knight of the

Order of the Holy Sepulchre The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Equestris Sancti Sepulcri Hierosolymitani, links=yes, OESSH), also called Order of the Holy Sepulchre or Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, is a Catholic order of knighthood under ...

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

. He travelled extensively across Europe, and was knighted by king

Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I (; 31 May 146913 December 1521), known as the Fortunate ( pt, O Venturoso), was list of Portuguese monarchs, King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521. A member of the House of Aviz, Manuel was Duke of Beja and Duke of Viseu, Viseu prior to su ...

for his services against the

Moors The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a distinct o ...

in Africa. Tarnowski was the owner of

Tarnów Tarnów () is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Tarn� ...

, Wiewiórka, Rożnów,

Przeworsk Przeworsk (; uk, Переворськ, translit=Perevors'k; yi, פּרשעוואָרסק, translit=Prshevorsk) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. Since 1999 it has been in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship ...

, and Stare Sioło. In 1522, he became castellan of Wojnicz; in 1527,

voivode Voivode (, also spelled ''voievod'', ''voevod'', ''voivoda'', ''vojvoda'' or ''wojewoda'') is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe since the Early Middle Ages. It primarily referred to the ...

of the

Ruthenian Voivodeship The Ruthenian Voivodeship (Latin: ''Palatinatus russiae'', Polish: ''Województwo ruskie'', Ukrainian: ''Руське воєводство'', romanized: ''Ruske voievodstvo''), also called Rus’ voivodeship, was a voivodeship of the Crown ...

; in 1535, voivode of the Kraków Voivodeship. In 1536, he became castellan of Kraków and

starost The starosta or starost ( Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', german: link=no, Starost, Hauptmann) is a term of Slavic origin denoting a community elder whose role was to administer the assets of a clan or family estates. T ...

Sandomierz Sandomierz (pronounced: ; la, Sandomiria) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on the Vistula River in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Provi ...

, Stryj,

Żydaczów Zhydachiv ( uk, Жидачів) is a city in Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Zhydachiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Local government is administered by the Zhydachivska city ...

, Dolina, Sandecz, Chmielnów,

Lubaczów Lubaczów ( uk, Любачів ''Liubachiv'') is a town in southeastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine, with 12,567 inhabitants Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (since 1999), it is the capital of Lubaczów County and is locate ...

and Horodło. Burgonet of Polish Grand Crown Hetman Jan Tarnowski

In 1521, he participated in the Ottoman-Habsburg wars. He was among the first Hetmans of the Polish Army after its great reforms. He led the Polish Army to many victories, among them the battles of Obertyn against the

Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centra ...

ns in 1531, and seizing

Starodub Starodub ( rus, links=no, Староду́б, p=stərɐˈdup, ''old oak'') is a town in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, on the Babinets River (the Dnieper basin), southwest of Bryansk. Population: 16,000 (1975). History Starodub has been known s ...

from the Muscovites and executing it's defenders in 1535 during the

Muscovite wars Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula K Al2(Al Si3 O10)( F,O H)2, or ( KF)2( Al2O3)3( SiO2)6( H2O). It has a highly perfect basal cleavage ...

. Tarnowski developed, among other things,

horse artillery Horse artillery was a type of light, fast-moving, and fast-firing artillery which provided highly mobile fire support, especially to cavalry units. Horse artillery units existed in armies in Europe, the Americas, and Asia, from the early 17th to ...

field hospital A field hospital is a temporary hospital or mobile medical unit that takes care of casualties on-site before they can be safely transported to more permanent facilities. This term was initially used in military medicine (such as the Mobile A ...

s financed by the government, headquarters services, and field sappers. Throughout his entire service as a hetman, he preached a doctrine of flexibility. Poet

Jan Kochanowski Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language. He is commonly regarded as the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz. L ...

wrote a poem ''O śmierci Jana Tarnowskiego'' (''On the death of Jan Tarnowski''). He is also one of the characters depicted in

Jan Matejko Jan Alojzy Matejko (; also known as Jan Mateyko; 24 June 1838 – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter, a leading 19th-century exponent of history painting, known for depicting nodal events from Polish history. His works include large scale oil ...

's painting ''

Prussian Homage The Prussian Homage or Prussian Tribute (german: Preußische Huldigung; pl, hołd pruski) was the formal investment of Albert of Prussia as duke of the Polish fief of Ducal Prussia. In the aftermath of the armistice ending the Polish-Teuto ...

''.

Family

In about 1511, Tarnowski married Barbara Tęczyńska, daughter of Mikołaj Tęczyński, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. She was the niece of his mother's first husband. After her death, Tarnowski married Zofia Szydłowiecka in 1530. He had four children, among them

Zofia Tarnowska Countess Zofia Tarnowska (1534–1570) was a Polish–Lithuanian noblewoman and heiress. She was the daughter of Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski h. Leliwa and Zofia Szydłowiecka h. Odrowąż. Marriage and issue Zofia married Prince Konstanty Was ...

and Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski.

Important works

* ''Terminatio ex itinerario'', fragmenty ogł. K. Hartleb "Itinerarium J. Tarnowskiego z pobytu w Ziemi Św. z r. 1518", ''Kwartalnik Historyczny'' 1930; rękopis: Biblioteka Czartoryskich, Teki Naruszewicza nr 33, r. 1518, (dziennik podróży do Ziemi Świętej w roku 1517; cz. 1 po łacinie, cz. 2 po polsku) * ''Pouczenie hetmana podskarbiemu koronnemu dane'', powst. 1528, ogł. S. Kutrzeba "Polskie ustawy i artykuły wojskowe od XV do XVIII wieku", Kraków 1939, ''PAU Archiwum Komisji Historii Wojskowej'' nr 3, s. 38-39 * 4 speeches from 1537, in Stanisław Orzechowski ''Annales'', Dobromil 1611 and later editions * 2 speeches (pt. ''Głos... miany... na sejmie piotrkowskim 1548 roku''; ''Mowa... na sejmie lubelskim 1554 miana''), in A. Małecki "Wybór mów staropolskich", Kraków 1860, ''Biblioteka Polska'', series V, book 6-8, s. 33-34 * ''Consilium rationis bellicae'', Tarnów 1558, printshop of Łazarz Andrysowic; in M. Malinowski ''Stanisława Łaskiego, wojewody sieradzkiego, prace naukowe i dyplomatyczne'', Wilno 1864, s. 173-249; also in A. Piliński, Poznań 1879; pt. "Zasady sztuki wojskowej", Lwów 1882, ''Biblioteka Mrówki'' nr 147, * ''Artykuły wojenne'', in I. Polkowski "Sprawy wojenne króla Stefana Batorego. Dyjaryjusze, relacyje, listy i akta z lat 1576-1586", Kraków 1887, ''Acta Historica Res Gestas Poloniae Illustrantia'', t. 11, s. 240 nn.; there: ''Oprawianie zamków albo miast'', before 1561; reprint S. Kutrzeba "Polskie ustawy i artykuły wojskowe od XV do XVIII wieku", Kraków 1939, ''PAU Archiwum Komisji Historii Wojskowej'' nr 3, s. 313-319; * ''De bello cum iuratissimis Christianae fidei hostibus Turcis gerendo disputatio sapientissima'', Würzburg 1595, printshop of G. Fleichsamnn, (edition by J. G. Schedius with explanation); next printing: ''Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello Turcico variorum et diversorum auctorum libri XIV'', Frankfurt 1598-1599; also in 2, volume 4, part 2, Leipzig (1595), s. 1-17; Conring ''De bello contra Turcas gerendo'', 1664, * ''O obronie koronnej i o sprawie i powinności urzędników wojennych'', Kraków 1579, Łazarz printshop (published with ''Ustawy prawa ziemskiego polskiego...'' uatributed to Jan Palczowski ); reprint: M. Malinowski ''Stanisława Łaskiego, wojewody sieradzkiego, prace naukowe i dyplomatyczne'', Wilno 1864, s. 173-249; K. J. Turowski edition, Kraków 1858, ''Biblioteka Polska'', motebook 133-134, * ''Kronika polska'', work lost

Notes

References

''Consilium rationis bellicae Jana Tarnowskiego'', Kraków 1858

''Ustawy prawa ziemskiego polskiego, dla pamięci lepszej krótko i porządnie z statutów i z konstytucyj zebrane, z przydatkiem: O obronie koronnej, i o sprawie i powinności urzędników wojennych, Jego M. Pana Jana Tarnowskiego niekiedy kasztelana krakowskiego etc. etc., temi czasy rycerskiemu stanowi barzo potrzebne'', Kraków 1858
* Kasper Niesiecki,''Polish Armorial'' - "Korona Polska przy złotey wolnosci starożytnemi Rycerstwa Polskiego y Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskiego kleynotami naywyższymi Honorami Heroicznym, Męstwem y odwagą, Wytworną Nauką a naypierwey Cnotą, nauką Pobożnością, y Swiątobliwością ozdobiona Potomnym zaś wiekom na zaszczyt y nieśmiertelną sławę Pamiętnych w tey Oyczyźnie Synow podana TOM ... Przez X. Kaspra Niesieckego Societatis Jesu", Lwów (

Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukra ...

), 1738, vol 9. *

Stanisław Orzechowski Stanisław Orzechowski, also known among others as Stanisław Orżechowski Roxolan, Stanislaus Orichovius Polonus, Stanislaus Orichovius Ruthenus,

, ''Life and death of Jan Tarnowski,'' Żywot i śmierć Jana Tarnowskiego (written 1561), Franciszek Bohomolec ed.,

Radom Radom is a city in east-central Poland, located approximately south of the capital, Warsaw. It is situated on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the seat of a separate Radom Voivodeship (1975–1 ...

1830. {{DEFAULTSORT:Tarnowski, Jan Amor 1488 births 1561 deaths People from Tarnów People from Ternopil Castellans of Kraków 15th-century Polish nobility Ruthenian nobility Great Crown Hetmans Jan Amor Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 16th-century Polish nobility