Jan Amor Tarnowski
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Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Polish people, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken * Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin ...
nobleman Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. T ...
,
knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity. The concept of a knighthood ...
, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (; ) was a political and legal concept formed in the 14th century in the Kingdom of Poland, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state. Under this idea, the state was no longer seen as the Pat ...
. He was Grand Crown
Hetman ''Hetman'' is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, ...
from 1527, and was the founder of the city of
Tarnopol Ternopil, known until 1944 mostly as Tarnopol, is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret (river), Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia (Central Europe ...
, where he built the
Ternopil Castle The Ternopil Castle (, ) is a stronghold which gave birth to the city of Ternopil. It was built in the 16th century to protect the southern border of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The castle originated as the r ...
and the
Ternopil Pond Ternopil Lake ( Ukrainian: Тернопільський став, known as Komsomol Lake before 1992, non-official ''Ternopil Lake'') is a large artificial pond, a reservoir set in the center of Ternopil created in the place of swamps on the river ...
. The first Count of the Holy Roman Empire in the Tarnowski family (1547).Tarnowscy (01)


History

Tarnowski was born in 1488, the son of Jan Amor Junior Tarnowski, castellan of Kraków, and his second wife Barbara of Rożnów, granddaughter of the knight
Zawisza the Black }), he was revered as a brave knight. A monument to Zawisza at Golubac Fortress bears the inscription: "In Golubac, his life was taken by the Turks in 1428, the famous Polish knight, the symbol of courage and honor, Zawisza the Black. Glory to the ...
. He was a scion of an important family clan started in the mid-14th century by
Spycimir Leliwita Spycimir, also Spyćmier, Spyćmir, Spyćmierz, Spićymierz, etc., is an old Polish masculine given name. Etymology: ''spyci-'': "in vain", ''-mir'': "peace". Diminutives: Spytko, Spytek. Its name day is 26 April.Bogdan Kupis, ''Nasze imiona'', 1991 ...
, castellan of Kraków. Tarnowski had five half-siblings from his father's first marriage: Jan Amor the Elder, Jan Aleksander (d. 1497), Katarzyna, Zofia and Elżbieta. He had also five half-sisters from his mother's first marriage. He spent his earliest years in Rożnowo and Stare Sioło. He was originally intended to become a priest; but after his father's death in 1500, his mentor Maciej Drzewiecki convinced Barbara of Rożnowo to abandon this plan. In 1501, Tarnowski was sent to the king's court; but on 17 June 1501, king
John I Albert John I Albert (; 27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was King of Poland Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of Roy ...
died and he returned to Rożnowo, to his mother's domain. In 1508, Tarnowski fought against Muscovy in the
battle of Orsza The Battle of Orsha (, ), was fought on 8 September 1514, between the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Lithuanian Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski; and the army of the G ...
; in 1509, against Moldavia in the battle of Chocim, and upon the
Dniester The Dniester ( ) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Uk ...
as a commander of his own ''
chorągiew Chorągiew (; literally: "banner") was the basic administrative unit of the Polish and Lithuanian cavalry from the 14th century. An alternative name until the 17th century was '' rota''. 14th to 17th centuries Between the 14th and 17th centu ...
'' (banner/company). In 1512, he was involved in the battle of Łopuszna, in which the
Tatars Tatars ( )Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
are a group of Turkic peoples across Eas ...
were defeated by the Polish forces. He made a pilgrimage to the
Holy Land The term "Holy Land" is used to collectively denote areas of the Southern Levant that hold great significance in the Abrahamic religions, primarily because of their association with people and events featured in the Bible. It is traditionall ...
, and in 1518 became a knight of the
Order of the Holy Sepulchre Order of the Holy Sepulchre or Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre may refer to: * Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Catholic), chivalric order belonging to the Holy See (the Roman Catholic Church) * Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Orthodox), chivalric ...
in
Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...
. He travelled extensively across Europe, and was knighted by king
Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I (; 31 May 146913 December 1521), known as the Fortunate (), was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521. A member of the House of Aviz, Manuel was Duke of Beja and Viseu prior to succeeding his cousin, John II of Portugal, as monarch. Manu ...
for his services against the
Moors The term Moor is an Endonym and exonym, exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslims, Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a s ...
in Africa. Tarnowski was the owner of
Tarnów Tarnów () is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east– ...
, Wiewiórka, Rożnów,
Przeworsk Przeworsk (; ; ) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. Since 1999 it has been in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and is the capital of Przeworsk County. The ancient Przeworsk culture was named after the town ...
, and Stare Sioło. In 1522, he became castellan of
Wojnicz Wojnicz () is an ancient historic town in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. In the early medieval period of the Polish state, it became one of the most important centres in the province of Lesser Poland, as part of the system of Dunajec r ...
; in 1527,
voivode Voivode ( ), also spelled voivod, voievod or voevod and also known as vaivode ( ), voivoda, vojvoda, vaivada or wojewoda, is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe in use since the Early Mid ...
of the
Ruthenian Voivodeship The Ruthenian Voivodeship (; ; ) was a voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1434 until the First Partition of Poland in 1772, with its center in the city of Lwów (lat. Leopolis) (modern day Lviv). Together with a number of ot ...
; in 1535, voivode of the Kraków Voivodeship. In 1536, he became castellan of Kraków and
starost Starosta or starost (Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', ) is a community elder in some Slavic lands. The Slavic root of "starost" translates as "senior". Since the Middle Ages, it has designated an official in a leadersh ...
of
Sandomierz Sandomierz (pronounced: ; , ) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (), situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy ...
, Stryj,
Żydaczów Zhydachiv (, ) is a city in Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Zhydachiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Local government is administered by the Zhydachiv City Council. Its populati ...
, Dolina, Sandecz, Chmielnów,
Lubaczów Lubaczów ( ''Liubachiv'') is a town in southeastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine, with 12,567 inhabitants Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, it is the capital of Lubaczów County and is located northeast of Przemyśl. Othe ...
and Horodło. In 1521, he participated in the
Ottoman–Habsburg wars The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Holy Roman Empire, The ...
. He was among the first Hetmans of the Polish Army after its great reforms. He led the Polish Army to many victories, among them the battles of
Obertyn Obertyn (; ; ; also Obertin) is a rural settlement in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Obertyn settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: History The Battle of ...
against the
Moldavia Moldavia (, or ; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ) is a historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially in ...
ns in 1531, and seizing
Starodub Starodub (, , ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, on the Babinets (river), Babinets River in the Dnieper basin, southwest of Bryansk. Population: 16,000 (1975). History Starodub has been known ...
from the Muscovites and executing its defenders in 1535 during the Muscovite wars. In 1545, the Archbishop of Gniezno, Piotr Gamrat, granted hetman Tarnowski a papal brief with indulgences and privileges granted by Pope Paul III in 1535, and in 1547 he was awarded by Emperor Charles V with a diploma of the counts of the Holy Roman Empire - this title was to apply to the hetman and his descendants. Tarnowski developed, among other things,
horse artillery Horse artillery was a type of light, fast-moving, and fast-firing field artillery that consisted of light cannons or howitzers attached to light but sturdy two-wheeled carriages called caissons or limbers, with the individual crewmen riding on h ...
,
field hospital A field hospital is a temporary hospital or mobile medical unit that takes care of casualties on-site before they can be safely transported to more permanent facilities. This term was initially used in military medicine (such as the Mobile ...
s financed by the government, headquarters services, and field sappers. Throughout his entire service as a hetman, he preached a doctrine of flexibility. Poet
Jan Kochanowski Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who wrote in Latin and Polish and established poetic patterns that would become integral to Polish literary language. He has been called the greatest Polish poet before ...
wrote a poem ''O śmierci Jana Tarnowskiego'' (''On the death of Jan Tarnowski''). He is also one of the characters depicted in
Jan Matejko Jan Alojzy Matejko (; also known as Jan Mateyko; 24 June 1838 – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter, a leading 19th-century exponent of history painting, known for depicting nodal events from Polish history. His works include large scale ...
's painting ''
Prussian Homage The Prussian Homage or Prussian Tribute (; ) was the formal investiture of Albert, Duke of Prussia ( 1490-1568), with his Duchy of Prussia as a fief of the Kingdom of Poland that took place on 10 April 1525 in the then capital of Kraków, Kin ...
''.


Family

In about 1511, Tarnowski married Barbara Tęczyńska, daughter of Mikołaj Tęczyński, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. She was the niece of his mother's first husband. After her death, Tarnowski married Zofia Szydłowiecka in 1530. He had four children, among them
Zofia Tarnowska Countess Zofia Tarnowska (1534–1570) was a Polish–Lithuanian noblewoman and heiress. She was the daughter of Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski h. Leliwa and Zofia Szydłowiecka h. Odrowąż. Marriage and issue Zofia married Prince Konstanty W ...
and
Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski Count Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski (1 January 1537 – 1 April 1567) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), Leliwa coat of arms. Son of Hetman Jan Tarnowski and Zofia née Szydłowiecka. He was married to Zofia Odrowąż since 1555, but had no issue. ...
.


Important works

* ''Terminatio ex itinerario'', fragmenty ogł. K. Hartleb "Itinerarium J. Tarnowskiego z pobytu w Ziemi Św. z r. 1518", ''Kwartalnik Historyczny'' 1930; rękopis: Biblioteka Czartoryskich, Teki Naruszewicza nr 33, r. 1518, (dziennik podróży do Ziemi Świętej w roku 1517; cz. 1 po łacinie, cz. 2 po polsku) * ''Pouczenie hetmana podskarbiemu koronnemu dane'', powst. 1528, ogł. S. Kutrzeba "Polskie ustawy i artykuły wojskowe od XV do XVIII wieku", Kraków 1939, ''PAU Archiwum Komisji Historii Wojskowej'' nr 3, s. 38-39 * 4 speeches from 1537, in Stanisław Orzechowski ''Annales'', Dobromil 1611 and later editions * 2 speeches (pt. ''Głos... miany... na sejmie piotrkowskim 1548 roku''; ''Mowa... na sejmie lubelskim 1554 miana''), in A. Małecki "Wybór mów staropolskich", Kraków 1860, ''Biblioteka Polska'', series V, book 6-8, s. 33-34 * ''Consilium rationis bellicae'', Tarnów 1558, printshop of Łazarz Andrysowic; in M. Malinowski ''Stanisława Łaskiego, wojewody sieradzkiego, prace naukowe i dyplomatyczne'', Wilno 1864, s. 173–249; also in A. Piliński, Poznań 1879; pt. "Zasady sztuki wojskowej", Lwów 1882, ''Biblioteka Mrówki'' nr 147, * ''Artykuły wojenne'', in I. Polkowski "Sprawy wojenne króla Stefana Batorego. Dyjaryjusze, relacyje, listy i akta z lat 1576-1586", Kraków 1887, ''Acta Historica Res Gestas Poloniae Illustrantia'', t. 11, s. 240 nn.; there: ''Oprawianie zamków albo miast'', before 1561; reprint S. Kutrzeba "Polskie ustawy i artykuły wojskowe od XV do XVIII wieku", Kraków 1939, ''PAU Archiwum Komisji Historii Wojskowej'' nr 3, s. 313–319; * ''De bello cum iuratissimis Christianae fidei hostibus Turcis gerendo disputatio sapientissima'', Würzburg 1595, printshop of G. Fleichsamnn, (edition by J. G. Schedius with explanation); next printing: ''Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello Turcico variorum et diversorum auctorum libri XIV'', Frankfurt 1598–1599; also in 2, volume 4, part 2, Leipzig (1595), s. 1-17; Conring ''De bello contra Turcas gerendo'', 1664, * ''O obronie koronnej i o sprawie i powinności urzędników wojennych'', Kraków 1579, Łazarz printshop (published with ''Ustawy prawa ziemskiego polskiego...'' uatributed to Jan Palczowski ); reprint: M. Malinowski ''Stanisława Łaskiego, wojewody sieradzkiego, prace naukowe i dyplomatyczne'', Wilno 1864, s. 173–249; K. J. Turowski edition, Kraków 1858, ''Biblioteka Polska'', motebook 133–134, * ''Kronika polska'', work lost


Notes


References


''Consilium rationis bellicae Jana Tarnowskiego'', Kraków 1858

''Ustawy prawa ziemskiego polskiego, dla pamięci lepszej krótko i porządnie z statutów i z konstytucyj zebrane, z przydatkiem: O obronie koronnej, i o sprawie i powinności urzędników wojennych, Jego M. Pana Jana Tarnowskiego niekiedy kasztelana krakowskiego etc. etc., temi czasy rycerskiemu stanowi barzo potrzebne'', Kraków 1858
*
Kasper Niesiecki Kasper Niesiecki (31 December 1682 – 9 July 1744), also known as Kacper Niesiecki, was a Polish heraldist, Jesuit, lexicographer, writer, theologian and preacher. Biography Niesiecki was born in Greater Poland to a burgher family. In 1699 h ...
,''Polish Armorial'' - "Korona Polska przy złotey wolnosci starożytnemi Rycerstwa Polskiego y Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskiego kleynotami naywyższymi Honorami Heroicznym, Męstwem y odwagą, Wytworną Nauką a naypierwey Cnotą, nauką Pobożnością, y Swiątobliwością ozdobiona Potomnym zaś wiekom na zaszczyt y nieśmiertelną sławę Pamiętnych w tey Oyczyźnie Synow podana TOM ... Przez X. Kaspra Niesieckego Societatis Jesu", Lwów (
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
), 1738, vol 9. *
Stanisław Orzechowski Stanisław Orzechowski, also known among others as Stanisław Orżechowski Roxolan, Stanislaus Orichovius Polonus, Stanislaus Orichovius Ruthenus,
, ''Life and death of Jan Tarnowski,'' Żywot i śmierć Jana Tarnowskiego (written 1561),
Franciszek Bohomolec Franciszek Bohomolec, S.J., Bogoria Coat of Arms (29 January 1720 – 24 April 1784), writing pseudonymously as: ''Daniel Bobinson, Dzisiejkiewicz, F. B., F. B. S. J., Galantecki, J. U. P. Z., Jeden Zakonnik S. J., Jeden Zakonnik Societati ...
ed.,
Radom Radom is a city in east-central Poland, located approximately south of the capital, Warsaw. It is situated on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship. Radom is the fifteenth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in its province w ...
1830. {{DEFAULTSORT:Tarnowski, Jan Amor Hetmans 1488 births 1561 deaths People from Tarnów People from Ternopil Castellans of Kraków 15th-century Polish nobility Ruthenian nobility Great Crown Hetmans Jan Amor Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 16th-century Polish nobility