James Ferdinand Morton Jr. (October 18, 1870 – October 7, 1941) was an anarchist writer and political activist of the 1900s through the 1920s especially on the topics of the single tax system, racism, and advocacy for women. After about 1920 he was more known as a member of the Baháʼí Faith, a notable museum curator, an esperantist and a close friend of H. P. Lovecraft.

Biography

Early years

Morton was born in

Littleton, Massachusetts Littleton (historically Nipmuc: ''Nashoba'') is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 10,141 at the 2020 census. For geographic and demographic information on the neighborhood of Littleton Common, please se ...

, lived in Andover, New Hampshire. His family reached back to the pilgrims landing in 1620, his grandfather was Rev.

Samuel Francis Smith Samuel Francis Smith (October 21, 1808 – November 16, 1895) was an American Baptist minister, journalist, and author. He is best known for having written the lyrics to "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (sung to the tune of "God Save the King"), which h ...

. A newspaper article from 1906 refers alittle to his youth - that he worked as a "newsboy, bootblack, an organ blower, and an employe(sic) in a jelly factory". In 1892 he earned Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts degree from Harvard University,Paterson NJ ''Morning Call'' of Oct 8, 1941 which was reprinted in simultaneously, in Classical Philology, earning a "Gorham Thomas" scholarship, graduated

cum laude Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. The system is primarily used in the United States. It is also used in some Sou ...

and was a member of the honors society Phi Beta Kappa. He was a classmate of W.E.B. Du Bois and carried on some correspondence with him. He gained skills in Greek, Latin and French. The Harvard ''Secretary's Report'' of 1896 noted by then he was in the temperate Independent Order of Good Templars, animal rights oriented New England Anti-Vivisection Society and had campaigned under the People's Party. Even at this early period he was actively involved in the amateur journalism movement, appearing in newspaper coverage of the developing practice in 1891, and elected President of the

National Amateur Press Association National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

(NAPA) in 1896. In his earlier days in New England he explored a number of alternatives to mainstream culture.

Anarchism and the tour to the West and back

He became a supporter of

anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessa ...

- having a special affinity for individualist anarchism, free love, and

freethought Freethought (sometimes spelled free thought) is an epistemological viewpoint which holds that beliefs should not be formed on the basis of authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma, and that beliefs should instead be reached by other methods ...

- and went on a cross-country speaking tour 1899-1900 to the West supporting these ideas. Several of these talks appeared in newspapers. By 1901 he was active on the West Coast. When living in the West Morton wrote for or edited various anarchist journals such as '' Free Society'', ''Discontent'', ''The Demonstrator'', and

Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born anarchist political activist and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the ...

's ''

Mother Earth Mother Earth may refer to: *The Earth goddess in any of the world's mythologies *Mother goddess *Mother Nature, a common personification of the Earth and its biosphere as the giver and sustainer of life Written media and literature *Mother Earth ...

'' as well as the Freethought periodical

Truth Seeker ''The Truth Seeker'' is an American periodical published since 1873. It was considered the most influential Freethought publication during the period following the Civil War into the first decades of the 20th century, known as the Golden Age ...

and lived at the Home, Washington anarchist commune which had been raided though Morton was not arrested, and was still present when the news of the assassination attempt against US President William McKinley arrived. Morton's writings clarified that he favored a "non-retaliatory" anarchism. In 1904 he made his way back to the East coast and a talk of his on anarchism, free-thought, and morality was carried in several newspapers.

Initiatives

As early as 1903 Morton was visibly against racism in his writing for the anarchist ''Distcontent''. He campaigned actively for civil rights for blacks, challenged productions like Thomas Dixon's The Clansman, and in 1906 published ''The Curse of Race Prejudice'', which the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's The Crisis listed among its suggested reading materials in many editions over the years. Morton served on various committees of the NAACP in the 1910s, and continued to speak on the issue across several years. In 1922 he contributed to a conference on the history of racism. Perhaps no other subject consumed Morton's energy and focus in the earlier half of his life than the subject of a single-tax as originated by Henry George. It was one of the topics he spoke across several years about. In 1916-17 Morton totaling 68 lectures in 54 cities, with over 2000 in attendance. Many of these made the newspapers. He also advocated for taxing churches. A third topic was of lasting concern to Morton—the facets of advocacy for women, including

suffrage Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, is the right to vote in representative democracy, public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In some languages, and occasionally i ...

, feminism, and conventions on limitations on

sexuality Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually. This involves biological, psychological, physical, erotic, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. Because it is a broad term, which has varied ...

and contraception. In addition to particular topics that had his voice across the decades, and practicing law for some years in New York and Massachusetts, he wrote or gave talks on a wide range of topics: * racism against red-heads * then recent antisemitism in Russia * conventionality in religion and politics, * Thomas Paine * tyranny in the postal system (which was echoed in more than one newspaper,) * work's rights and social reform * funerals in general and of Thaddeus B. Wakeman in particular * baseball games on Sunday * "Mob spirit" * contraception * radicalism

Literature and friendships

In addition to various individual topics he was also invested in several over a long term. From about 1915 he was a prominent member of the '' Blue Pencil Club of Brooklyn'' (founded 1908 Albertus Minton Adams (1878 – 1952) President of the Blue Pencil Club; Hazel Bosler Pratt (1888 – 1927), Secretary. * * :File:Francisco Collantes - Hagar and Ishmael - 18.096 - Rhode Island School of Design Museum.jpg ), publisher of '' The Brooklynite'', and named after the traditional

Blue pencil Blue pencil may refer to: * Blue pencil (editing), a pencil traditionally used by an editor or sub-editor to show corrections to written copy * Blue pencil doctrine, a legal concept in common law countries See also * George Pirie Thomson ...

editor's corrections, and supported appreciation of literature in a number of talks. His close friendship with the author H. P. Lovecraft is today perhaps the feature of his biography which arouses the most interest. Morton promoted Lovecraft to be president of

in 1922. Blue Pencil Club of Manhattan published ''Blue Pencil Magazine''.

Association with Lovecraft

Morton was a key member of the Kalem Club, the close circle of friends around Lovecraft in New York City in the mid 1920s. During the early part of that period he lived in Harlem, New York City, a predominantly black neighborhood.

Paterson Museum

Morton was an active student of

mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the proces ...

and a leading member of the Thomas Paine Natural History Association. In the mid 1920s he was offered and took the post of head museum curator at the new museum at

Paterson, New Jersey Paterson ( ) is the largest City (New Jersey), city in and the county seat of Passaic County, New Jersey, Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.American Association of Museums, and a leading member of the New York Mineralogical Club. Locally he enjoyed walking with the radical Paterson Rambling Club. In the 1934 he was interested in his family history and wrote congratulating a local historian on research important to overcoming some limits in his own research. An avid walker, he died in 1941, due to being struck in the back by a moving car while walking to a meeting .

Religion

Beginning in 1907 Morton also published a series of articles under "Fragments of a Mental Autobiography" in a journal named ''Libra'' which outlines his religious background beginning with Baptist family heritage, goes through Unitarian relatives, and Theosophy exploration, (he was president of the Boston Theosophical Society in 1895) and placing Jesus and the Buddha among those on the highest level of his admiration even if he found fault with all scripture and organized religion. In this period Morton was an avid "evangelist" atheist and often spoke out against religion but he had already encountered the Baháʼí Faith which:

At first, I regarded it with amused interest, as one of many little cults; but gradually I found myself drawn into closer and closer relation with it. There was a wideness in its attitude which I had not found elsewhere. It held place for what was best in Christianity, Judaism, Mohammedanism, Buddhism, Freethought and all the rest, warring with none of these, but finding each of them definitely serviceable to the larger spiritual plan of the universe. It is the great reconciler and harmonizer. I have discovered in it an abiding-place which I had sought in vain for many restless years. It increases, rather than decreases, my eagerness to continue the investigation of truth without bias, and to labor energetically in all branches of human service. I have no fault to find with the differing conclusions of other truth-lovers, and am ready to work with them all as occasion offers. (near 1910)

He became a convert to the religion in later life. Morton is visibly in Baháʼí circles from 1915 on the program of presenters at Green Acre, a Baháʼí center of lectures and conferences from about 1912, and got into some debates with a critic of the religion circa 1916. He also served as an alternate delegate from New York to a national convention of the religion in 1918. He received two letters (aka "Tablets") from

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (; Persian language, Persian: ‎, 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born ʻAbbás ( fa, عباس), was the eldest son of Baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the Baháʼí Faith from 1892 until 1921. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was later C ...

, then head of the religion, in 1919 which were later published in the Baháʼí journal Star of the West. Morton increasingly gave public talks related to the religion from the late 1910s through the 20s and into the 30s and during the same period addressed the topic of

Esperanto Esperanto ( or ) is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by the Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communi ...

sometimes as a Baháʼí specifically. He was vice-president of the

Esperanto League for North America Esperanto-USA (E-USA) is the largest organization for speakers and supporters of Esperanto in the United States. It was founded in 1952 as the Esperanto League for North America (ELNA) in Sacramento, California. Headquartered in Portland, Maine, ...

, and was the lead teacher of that language at the

Ferrer Center The Ferrer Center and Stelton Colony were an anarchist social center and colony, respectively, organized to honor the memory of anarchist pedagogue Francisco Ferrer and to build a school based on his model in the United States. In the widesprea ...

(a long-running anarchist school) in New York City.

Similarities, parallels and connections

It is worth noting perhaps that other Baháʼís were interested in the single tax movement originated around the ideas of Henry George, and other ideas also in common with the young Morton. Among these were Paul Kingston Dealy and

Marie Howland Marie Stevens Case Howland (1836 – September 18, 1921) was an American feminist writer of the nineteenth century, who was closely associated with the utopian socialist movements of her era. Marie Stevens had to leave school and support her y ...

. Both had joined the religion some years earlier around 1897-8. Dealy and Howland had joined the religion in different cities - Chicago, the first national community of Baha'is in the US in the case of Dealy, and Howland in Enterpririse Kansas, the second such in the States. Dealy had also previously run for office under the People's Party circa 1895 but in Chicago. Howland and her husband had also been interested in the ideas of sexual freedom against the norms of the day and the cultural situation of women though Howland's husband soon died. Both Dealy (and his family) and Howland, independently, also moved to commune of sorts although this one was different, at Fairhope, Alabama, circa 1898-9. There Howland established the first library and worked on the first newspaper, another interest of Morton's, of the colony. Another Baháʼí couple - Honoré Jaxon and Aimée Montfort show similar interests as well. Jaxon had been an anarchist a decade before and been involved in another commune of sorts at Topolobampo Mexico, and then joined the religion about 1897 in Chicago shortly before Aimée. They had married and pursued worker's rights involvements though their long term interested turned to Canada. It is not known if Morton, Dealy, Howland, Jaxon or Montfort ever knew of each other. Additionally

Thornton Chase Thornton Chase (February 22, 1847 – September 30, 1912) was a distinguished officer of the United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War, and the first western convert to the Baháʼí Faith. Chase was born in Springfield, Massach ...

, called the first Baháʼí in the West, was a student of Morton's grandfather, Rev.

, in his youth.

Writings

* * (note Morton's part is just pages 44 to 47.) * * *

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Morton, James Ferdinand, Jr. 1870 births 1941 deaths American anarchists American essayists American Esperantists Free love advocates Free speech activists Freethought writers American political writers Harvard University alumni Converts to the Bahá'í Faith 20th-century Bahá'ís American Bahá'ís American male essayists People from Littleton, Massachusetts People from Andover, New Hampshire Georgists American mineralogists