Jakub Wygodzki (18561941; , ) was a Polish–Lithuanian Jewish politician,
Zionist
Zionism is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–1914), Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the ...
activist and a medical doctor. He was one of the most prominent Jewish activists in
Vilnius
Vilnius ( , ) is the capital of and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city in Lithuania and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, most-populous city in the Baltic states. The city's estimated January 2025 population w ...
(Vilna, Wilno). Educated as a doctor in Russia and Western Europe, he established his gynecology and pediatric practice in 1884. In 1905, he was one of the founding members of the
Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) in Vilnius Region. In 1918, he was co-opted to the
Council of Lithuania
In the history of Lithuania, the Council of Lithuania (; ; ), after July 11, 1918, the State Council of Lithuania () was convened at the Vilnius Conference that took place between 18 and 23 September 1917. The twenty men who composed the c ...
and briefly served as the first
Lithuanian Minister for Jewish Affairs. After Vilnius was captured by Poland, Wygodzki was elected to the Polish parliament (
Sejm
The Sejm (), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (), is the lower house of the bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the Polish People' ...
) in
1922 and
1928
Events January
* January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material.
* January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris B ...
. He died in the
Lukiškės Prison during the first months of the
German occupation of Lithuania during World War II.
Biography
Early life and education
Wygodzki was born to a family of
Hasidic Jews.
[ His family moved to ]Vilnius
Vilnius ( , ) is the capital of and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city in Lithuania and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, most-populous city in the Baltic states. The city's estimated January 2025 population w ...
(Vilna, Wilno) in 1860[ where his father was a merchant, supplying the local garrison of the ]Imperial Russian Army
The Imperial Russian Army () was the army of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was organized into a standing army and a state militia. The standing army consisted of Regular army, regular troops and ...
with clothes.[ He was the eldest of seven brothers and received traditional Jewish education at a cheder.][
He studied at Marijampolė Gymnasium and Imperial Military Medical Academy in ]Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
.[ He was arrested for anti-Tsarist activities and involvement with a revolutionary group.][ Later he studied medicine in ]Vienna
Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
, Berlin
Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
, Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
.[ In 1884, he returned to Vilnius and established his practice as gynecologist and pediatrician.][ He published medical articles in Russian and German journals.][
]
Activist in Vilnius
He joined Jewish cultural and political life. He was one of the first Zionist
Zionism is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–1914), Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the ...
activist in Vilnius and chaired their organization.[ In 1905, during the ]Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...
, he was one of the founding members of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) in Vilnius Region.[ In 1908, he established and chaired the Union of Jewish Doctors. During ]World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, he was a member of a Jewish relief committee[ and established daily Yiddish newspaper '' Flugblat''.][ For anti-German protests, he was arrested by the German police in March 1917 and imprisoned in the ]Czersk
Czersk (; ; formerly , (1942-5): ) is a town in northern Poland in Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 9,844.
Today the center of the city of Czersk in is the Village Square. The infrastructu ...
POW camp until April 1918.[
He supported Lithuanian independence and, together with Nachmanas Rachmilevičius and Simon Rosenbaum, was co-opted to the ]Council of Lithuania
In the history of Lithuania, the Council of Lithuania (; ; ), after July 11, 1918, the State Council of Lithuania () was convened at the Vilnius Conference that took place between 18 and 23 September 1917. The twenty men who composed the c ...
on December 11, 1918.[ The same day he became the first Lithuanian Minister for Jewish Affairs. He held the post briefly as he did not evacuate from Vilnius with the rest of the government at the start of the Lithuanian–Soviet War. He was briefly imprisoned by the ]Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...
.[
]
Second Polish Republic
In 1919, when Poland captured Vilnius, Wygodzki was chairman of the Jewish community in the city.[ He opposed the Żeligowski's Mutiny and the ]Republic of Central Lithuania
The Republic of Central Lithuania (, ), commonly known as the Central Lithuania, and the Middle Lithuania (, , ), was an unrecognized short-lived puppet state of Poland, that existed from 1920 to 1922. It was founded on 12 October 1920, after ...
and urged people to boycott the elections in 1922.[ Nevertheless, he accepted the situation and became a member of the ]Bloc of National Minorities
Bloc may refer to:
Government and politics
* Political bloc, a coalition of political parties
* Trade bloc, a type of intergovernmental agreement
* Voting bloc, a group of voters voting together
* Black bloc, a tactic used by protesters who wear ...
and was elected to the Polish parliament (Sejm
The Sejm (), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (), is the lower house of the bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the Polish People' ...
) in 1922 and 1928
Events January
* January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material.
* January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris B ...
.[ In the Sejm, Wygodzki worked to improve Jewish education in ]Hebrew
Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...
and Yiddish language
Yiddish, historically Judeo-German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in 9th-century Central Europe, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with ...
s. He was also a member of the Vilnius Council from 1919 to 1929.[
After the ]invasion of Poland
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
in September 1940, Wygodzki organized relief for the Jewish refugees.[ In June 1941, ]Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
invaded the Soviet Union and occupied the city. Wygodzki joined the pre-ghetto Judenrat on July 24.[ He was arrested at the end of August and died in the Lukiškės Prison.][
]
Writings
Wygodzki contributed to the press, publishing his articles in ''Tsayt'', ''Vilner Tog'', '' Haynt'', '' Nasz Przegląd'', and others.[ He published three books of his memoirs: ''In shturm'' (In the Storm; 1921) on the German occupation during World War I; ''In gehenom'' (In Hell; 1927) on his imprisonment by the Germans; and ''In Sambatyon'' (1931) on his activities in the Sejm.][
]
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wygodzki, Jakub
1856 births
1941 deaths
People from Babruysk
Politicians from Vilnius
Minister for Jewish Affairs of Lithuania
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927)
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1928–1930)
S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni
Jewish Lithuanian politicians
Jewish Polish politicians
Jewish physicians
Polish Zionists
Politicians who died in the Holocaust
Lithuanian Jews who died in the Holocaust
Lithuanian Zionists
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
Members of the Council of Lithuania