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Jacques Bouveresse (; 20 August 1940 – 9 May 2021) was a French philosopher who wrote on subjects including
Ludwig Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( ; ; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Witt ...
,
Robert Musil Robert Musil (; 6 November 1880 – 15 April 1942) was an Austrian philosophical writer. His unfinished novel, ''The Man Without Qualities'' (), is generally considered to be one of the most important and influential modernist novels. Family M ...
, Karl Kraus,
philosophy of science Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, ...
,
epistemology Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called "the theory of knowledge", it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowle ...
,
philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of mathematics and its relationship to other areas of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics. Central questions posed include whether or not mathem ...
and
analytical philosophy Analytic philosophy is a broad movement within Western philosophy, especially English-speaking world, anglophone philosophy, focused on analysis as a philosophical method; clarity of prose; rigor in arguments; and making use of formal logic, mat ...
. Bouveresse was called "an '' avis rara'' among the better known French philosophers in his championing of critical standards of thought." He was Professor Emeritus at the
Collège de France The (), formerly known as the or as the ''Collège impérial'' founded in 1530 by François I, is a higher education and research establishment () in France. It is located in Paris near La Sorbonne. The has been considered to be France's most ...
where until 2010 he held the chair of
philosophy of language Philosophy of language refers to the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of Meaning (philosophy), me ...
and epistemology. His disciple Claudine Tiercelin was appointed to a chair of metaphysics and philosophy of knowledge upon his retirement.


Education and career

Born on 20 August 1940 in
Épenoy Épenoy () is a Communes of the Doubs department, commune in the Doubs Departments of France, department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regions of France, region in eastern France. Population See also * Communes of the Doubs department Refe ...
in the
Doubs Doubs (, ; ; ) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the river Doubs, it had a population of 543,974 in 2019.Besançon Besançon (, ; , ; archaic ; ) is the capital of the Departments of France, department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerland. Capi ...
. He spent two years of preparation for the baccalauréat in philosophy and
scholastic theology Scholasticism was a medieval European philosophical movement or methodology that was the predominant education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It is known for employing logically precise analyses and reconciling classical philosophy and C ...
at Faverney in
Haute-Saône Haute-Saône (; Frainc-Comtou: ''Hâte-Saône''; English: Upper Saône) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of northeastern France. Named after the river Saône, it had a population of 235,313 in 2019.
. He followed his preparatory literary classes at the
Lycée Lakanal Lycée Lakanal is a public secondary school in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, France, in the Paris metropolitan area. It was named after Joseph Lakanal, a French politician, and an original member of the Institut de France. The school also offers a mi ...
in Sceaux, and in 1961 entered the
École Normale Supérieure École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by Secondary education in France, secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing i ...
in Paris. He presented his doctoral thesis in philosophy on
Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( ; ; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Witt ...
, entitled "Le mythe de l'intériorité. Expérience, signification et langage privé chez Wittgenstein". Beginning with his earliest works, he consistently constructed his own philosophical and intellectual path, without following the normal routes and modes of academia. In 1976, Wittgenstein was practically unknown in France, as were Musil and the logic and analytical philosophy which Bouveresse had begun to study in the 1960s. These two last domains notably propelled him towards the lectures of Jules Vuillemin and Gilles Gaston Granger, who at the time were practically alone in occupying themselves with these problems, and with whom he maintained a lasting friendship. Academic career: * 1966–1969: Assistant to the Section de Philosophie of the
University of Paris The University of Paris (), known Metonymy, metonymically as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated wit ...
(teaching logic) * 1969–1971: Maître-Assistant to the UER de Philosophie of the Université Paris I * 1971–1975: Attached to the
CNRS The French National Centre for Scientific Research (, , CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. In 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 eng ...
* 1975–1979: Maître de Conférences at the Université Paris I * 1979–1983: Professor at the
University of Geneva The University of Geneva (French: ''Université de Genève'') is a public university, public research university located in Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded in 1559 by French theologian John Calvin as a Theology, theological seminary. It rema ...
* 1983–1995: Professor at the
University of Paris The University of Paris (), known Metonymy, metonymically as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated wit ...
* From 1995: Professor at the
Collège de France The (), formerly known as the or as the ''Collège impérial'' founded in 1530 by François I, is a higher education and research establishment () in France. It is located in Paris near La Sorbonne. The has been considered to be France's most ...
in the chair of ''philosophie du langage et de la connaissance''.


Works

Bouveresse's philosophy is a continuation of the intellectual and philosophical tradition of central Europe ( Brentano,
Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( ; ; 20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of the seco ...
,
Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (; ; 31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894; "von" since 1883) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability. The ...
,
Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic philos ...
, the
Vienna Circle The Vienna Circle () of logical empiricism was a group of elite philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Sc ...
,
Kurt Gödel Kurt Friedrich Gödel ( ; ; April 28, 1906 â€“ January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel profoundly ...
). His philosophical programme is in nearly all respects similar to the one conducted by many present day
Analytic philosophers Analytic philosophy is a broad movement within Western philosophy, especially anglophone philosophy, focused on analysis as a philosophical method; clarity of prose; rigor in arguments; and making use of formal logic, mathematics, and to a less ...
.


The thought of Robert Musil

Jacques Bouveresse is interested in the thought of the early 20th-century Austrian novelist
Robert Musil Robert Musil (; 6 November 1880 – 15 April 1942) was an Austrian philosophical writer. His unfinished novel, ''The Man Without Qualities'' (), is generally considered to be one of the most important and influential modernist novels. Family M ...
(who wrote a thesis on philosophy), famous for his novel ''
The Man Without Qualities ''The Man Without Qualities'' (; 1930–1943) is an unfinished modernist novel in three volumes and various drafts, by the Austrian writer Robert Musil. The novel is a "story of ideas", which takes place in the time of the Austro-Hungarian mona ...
'', as well as the aversion/fascination with which
Paul Valéry Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (; 30 October 1871 – 20 July 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher. In addition to his poetry and fiction (drama and dialogues), his interests included aphorisms on art, history, letters, m ...
regarded philosophy.


Incompleteness and philosophy

Apart from his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jacques Bouveresse is interested in the
incompleteness theorems Complete may refer to: Logic * Completeness (logic) * Completeness of a theory, the property of a theory that every formula in the theory's language or its negation is provable Mathematics * The completeness of the real numbers, which implies ...
of
Kurt Gödel Kurt Friedrich Gödel ( ; ; April 28, 1906 â€“ January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel profoundly ...
and their philosophical consequences. It is on this account that he has attacked, in a popular work ''Prodiges et vertiges de l'analogie'', the use made of these theorems by
Régis Debray Jules Régis Debray (; born 2 September 1940) is a French philosopher, journalist, former government official and academic. He is known for his theorization of mediology, a critical theory of the long-term transmission of cultural meaning in ...
. Bouveresse denounces the literary distortion of a scientific concept for the purpose of a thesis. This distortion, according to him, has no other purpose than to overwhelm a readership which lacks the training necessary to comprehend such complex theorems. Bouveresse's reproach to Debray is not that he uses a scientific concept for the purpose of an analogy, but that he uses such a difficult to understand theorem in the attempt to provide an absolute justification in the form of the classic sophism of the argument from authority. According to Bouveresse, the incompleteness of a
formal system A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms. In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in ma ...
which applies to ''certain'' mathematical systems in no way implies the incompleteness of
sociology Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of Interpersonal ties, social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociol ...
, which is not a formal system.


Bibliography (in French)

Unless stated otherwise, published by Éditions de Minuit. Most books published by the Collège de France editions are freely accessibl
on the Collège's website
* 1969: ''La philosophie des sciences, du positivisme logique'' in Histoire de la philosophie, vol. 4. Ed.
François Châtelet Michel François Jacques Châtelet (; April 27, 1925 – December 26, 1985) was a historian of philosophy and political philosophy, philosopher and professor in the socratic tradition. He was the husband of philosopher Noëlle Châtelet. Châ ...
* 1971: ''La parole malheureuse. De l'Alchimie linguistique à la grammaire philosophique'' * 1973: ''Wittgenstein : la rime et la raison, science, éthique et esthétique'' * 1976: ''Le mythe de l'intériorité. Expérience, signification et langage privé chez Wittgenstein'' * 1984: ''Le philosophe chez les autophages'' * 1984: ''Rationalité et cynisme'' * 1987: ''La force de la règle, Wittgenstein et l'invention de la nécessité'' * 1988: ''Le pays des possibles, Wittgenstein, les mathématiques et le monde réel'' * 1991: ''Philosophie, mythologie et pseudo-science, Wittgenstein lecteur de Freud'', Éditions de l'éclat * 1991: ''Herméneutique et linguistique'', suivi de ''Wittgenstein et la philosophie du langage'', Éditions de l'éclat * 1993: ''L'homme probable, Robert Musil, le hasard, la moyenne et l'escargot de l'Histoire'', Éditions de l'éclat * 1994: 'Wittgenstein', in Michel Meyer, ''La philosophie anglo-saxonne'', PUF * 1995: ', Éditions Jacqueline Chambon * 1996: ''La demande philosophique. Que veut la philosophie et que peut-on vouloir d'elle ?'', Éditions de l'Eclat * 1997: ''Dire et ne rien dire, l'illogisme, l'impossibilité et le non-sens'', Éditions Jacqueline Chambon * 1998: ''Le Philosophe et le réel.'' Entretiens avec Jean-Jacques Rosat, Hachette * 1999: ''Prodiges et vertiges de l'analogie. De l'abus des belles-lettres dans la pensée'', Éditions Liber-Raisons d'agir * 2000: ''Essais I - Wittgenstein, la modernité, le progrès et le déclin '', Agone * 2001: ''Essais II - L'Epoque, la mode, la morale, la satire'', Agone * 2001: ''Schmock ou le triomphe du journalisme, La grande bataille de Karl Kraus'', Seuil * 2003: ''Essais III : Wittgenstein ou les sortilèges du langage'', Agone * 2001: ''La voix de l'âme et les chemins de l'esprit '', Seuil, coll. Liber * 2004: ''Bourdieu savant & politique'', Agone * 2004: ''Langage, perception et réalité'', tome 2, ''Physique, phénoménologie et grammaire'', Ed. Jacqueline Chambon * 2004: ''Essais IV - Pourquoi pas des philosophes'', Agone * 2005: ''Robert Musil. L'homme probable, le hasard, la moyenne et l'escargot de l'histoire'', (new edition of 1993 above), Éditions de l'éclat * 2006: ''Essais V - Descartes, Leibniz, Kant'', Agone * ''Peut-on ne pas croire ? Sur la vérité, la croyance et la foi'', Agone, 2007 * ''Satire & prophétie : les voix de Karl Kraus'', Agone, 2007 * ''La Connaissance de l'écrivain : sur la littérature, la vérité et la vie'', Agone, 2008 * ''Que peut-on faire de la religion ?'', Agone, 2011 * ''Essais VI. Les Lumières des positivistes'', Agone, 2011 (ISBN 978-2-7489-0066-8) * ''Dans le labyrinthe : nécessité, contingence et liberté chez Leibniz. Cours 2009 & 2010'', Publications du Collège de France, 2013 * ''Qu’est-ce qu’un système philosophique ? Cours 2007 & 2008'', Publications du Collège de France, 2013 * ''Études de philosophie du langage'', Publications du Collège de France, 2013 * ''À temps et à contretemps. Conférences publiques'', La philosophie de la connaissance au Collège de France, 2013 * ''Why I am so very unFrench, and other essays'', Publications du Collège de France, 2013 * ''Le danseur et sa corde'', Agone, 2014 * ''De la philosophie considérée comme un sport'', Agone, 2015 * ''Le Troisième monde. Signification, vérité et connaissance chez Frege'', Publications du Collège de France, 2015 * ''L’Éthique de la croyance et la question du ‘poids de l’autorité’'', Publications du Collège de France, 2015 * ''Une épistémologie réaliste est-elle possible ? Réflexions sur le réalisme structurel de Poincaré'', Publications du Collège de France, 2015. * ''Ernest Renan, la science, la métaphysique, la religion et la question de leur avenir'', Publications du Collège de France, 2015 * ''Nietzsche contre Foucault : Sur la vérité, la connaissance et le pouvoir'', Agone, 2016 * ''Percevoir la musique. Helmholtz et la théorie physiologique de la musique'', Éditions L'improviste, Collection « Les Aéronautes de l'esprit », 2016 * ''Le Mythe moderne du progrès'', Agone, 2017 * ''Le Parler de la musique, I. La musique, le langage, la culture et l’Histoire'', L’Improviste, 2017 * ''L’Histoire de la philosophie, l’histoire des sciences, et la philosophie de l’histoire de la philosophie'', Publications du Collège de France, 2017 * ''Les Premiers jours de l’inhumanité. Karl Kraus et la guerre'', Hors d’atteinte, 2019 * ''Le Parler de la musique, II. La Musique chez les Wittgenstein'', L’Improviste, 2019 * ''Le Parler de la musique, III. Entre Brahms et Wagner : Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, la philosophie et la musique'', L’Improviste, 2020 * ''Les foudres de Nietzsche: Et l'aveuglement des disciples'', Hors-d'atteinte, 212 p., 2021 * ''Les vagues du langage : le « paradoxe de Wittgenstein » ou comment peut-on suivre une règle ?'', Seuil, 2022


Co-edited books

* (with Herman Parret) ''Meaning and Understanding'', De Gruyter, 1981. * (with
Sandra Laugier Sandra Laugier is a French philosopher, who works on moral philosophy, political philosophy, philosophy of language, gender studies, and popular culture. She is a full professor of philosophy (classe exceptionnelle, university professor) at the ...
and Jean-Jacques Rosat) ''Wittgenstein, dernières pensées'', Agone, 2002. * (with Jean-Jacques Rosat) ''Philosophies de la perception. Phénoménologie, grammaire et sciences cognitives'', Odile Jacob, 2003. * (with Delphine Chapuis-Schmitz and Jean-Jacques Rosat) ''L’Empirisme logique à la limite. Schlick, le langage et l’expérience'', CNRS-éditions, 2006. * (with Pierre Wagner) ''Mathématiques et expérience : 1919-1938. L'application et l'interprétation des mathématiques dans la philosophie de l'empirisme logique de l'entre-deux guerres'', Odile Jacob, 2008.


References


External links


Qu'appellent-ils « penser »?
Bouveresse on the affaire Sokal and its consequences.
Entretien paru dans l'Humanité
(January 2004).
Interview about ''Que peut-on faire de la religion?''
(December 2012). {{DEFAULTSORT:Bouveresse, Jacques 1940 births 2021 deaths People from Doubs Lycée Lakanal alumni École Normale Supérieure alumni Academic staff of the Collège de France Academic staff of the University of Paris Academic staff of the University of Geneva Analytic philosophers French philosophers of language French epistemologists 20th-century French philosophers 21st-century French philosophers 21st-century French writers Legion of Honour refusals French philosophers of science Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of social science Critics of postmodernism French male writers