Jackson V. Hobbs
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OR:

''Miller v. Alabama'', 567 U.S. 460 (2012), was a
United States Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on question ...
case in which the Court held that ''mandatory'' sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders. The ruling applied even to those persons who had committed murder as a juvenile, extending beyond '' Graham v. Florida'' (2010), which had ruled juvenile life without parole sentences unconstitutional for crimes excluding murder.


Background

The decision of the court was based on two consolidated cases, ''Jackson v. Hobbs'', No. 10-9647, and ''Miller v. Alabama'', No. 10-9646. The ''
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'' wrote: "In one case that came before the court, Kuntrell Jackson was 14 in November 18, 1999 when he and two other teenagers went to a video store in Arkansas planning to rob it. He stayed outside, and one of the youths pulled a gun and killed the store clerk. Jackson had waited outside the store for a time, but entered shortly before Derrick Shields shot the store clerk. There is debate as to whether he told the clerk, "We ain't playin or whether he said to his accomplices, "I thought you all was playin'."''Miller v. Alabama'', 132 S. Ct. 2455, 567 U.S., 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012). Jackson was not the shooter. Jackson was charged as an adult and given a life term with no parole. In the second case, Evan Miller, a 14-year-old from Alabama, was convicted of a July 15, 2003, murder after he and another boy set fire to a trailer where they had bought drugs from a neighbor. Miller committed homicide in the act of robbing his neighbor, Cole Cannon. Cannon had fallen asleep after he, Miller, and Miller's friend Colby Smith had indulged in alcohol and marijuana. Cannon awoke as Miller was replacing Cannon's wallet, and Smith hit Cannon with a baseball bat. Miller took up the bat and proceeded to severely beat Cannon. Smith and Miller later returned to destroy the evidence of what they had done by setting fire to Cannon's trailer. Cannon died of severe injuries and smoke inhalation. On October 20, 2006, Miller was given a life term with no parole, while Smith received life with parole on October 27, 2006.


Opinion of the Court


Majority opinion

Justice
Elena Kagan Elena Kagan ( ; born April 28, 1960) is an American lawyer who serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination ...
wrote for the majority of the court "that mandatory life without parole for those under age of 18 at the time of their crime violates the 8th Amendment’s prohibition on
cruel and unusual punishments Cruelty is the intentional infliction of suffering or the inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involv ...
". Justice Kagan said:


Dissents

Chief Justice
John Roberts John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is an American jurist serving since 2005 as the 17th chief justice of the United States. He has been described as having a Moderate conservatism, moderate conservative judicial philosophy, thoug ...
voiced in his dissent the opinion that mandatory life sentences "could not plausibly be described" as unusual when a majority of states endorse them. He wrote: "Determining the appropriate sentence for a teenager convicted of murder presents grave and challenging questions of morality and social policy. Our role, however, is to apply the law, not to answer such questions." A separate dissent was filed by Justice
Samuel Alito Samuel Anthony Alito Jr. ( ; born April 1, 1950) is an American jurist who serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was Samuel Alito Supreme Court ...
. Alito wrote of the consequences of the majority ruling: The holding of the court applies retroactively to all those convicted of crimes committed under 18. It does not automatically free any prisoner, and it does not forbid sentences of life terms for young murderers. Instead judges in their review have to consider the defendant's youth, mitigating factors, and the nature of the crime before sentencing the defendant to imprisonment with no hope for parole. The case was remanded to the trial court for the convicted youths to be re-sentenced.


Retroactivity

In '' Montgomery v. Louisiana'' (2016), the Supreme Court determined that ''Miller v. Alabama'' must be applied retroactively. The petitioner, Henry Montgomery, has been in prison since 1963 for a murder he committed at the age of 17. The Court said that states could undertake re-sentencing, or offer parole to inmates sentenced to life as minors. Up to 2,300 cases nationwide were estimated to be affected by the ruling. Another case affected by the ruling would be the sentence that
Lee Boyd Malvo Lee Boyd Malvo (born February 18, 1985), also known as John Lee Malvo, is a Jamaican convicted mass murderer who, along with John Allen Muhammad, committed a series of murders dubbed the D.C. sniper attacks over a three-week period in October 20 ...
received for his role in the D.C. sniper attacks, with a judge making a ruling similar to ''Montgomery v. Louisiana''. Malvo's trial progress had earlier been affected by '' Roper v. Simmons'', which took the death penalty out of play for Malvo, who had been charged with capital murder. The Supreme Court had granted the case ''Mathena v. Malvo'' in March 2019, and heard oral argument in October 2019. However, a change in Virginia law rendered the case moot. A year later, the Supreme Court granted a related case, '' Jones v. Mississippi'', involving a person who had killed his grandfather when he was 15 in 2004 and given the mandatory sentence of life without parole. Due to the reactive rulings in ''Miller'' and ''Montgomery'', Jones was given a rehearing but was still resentenced to life in prison, and appealed, claiming the court did not evaluate any aspect of his incorrigibility as required under ''Montgomery''. Oral hearings were held on November 3, 2020. On April 22, 2021, the US Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the Mississippi Court of Appeals. Kuntrell Jackson was released from prison on February 21, 2017.


Subsequent developments

Miller was given a resentencing hearing in 2017, however it was not until April 2021 that a verdict had been reached with him being resentenced to life without parole. Miller is now trying to appeal his resentencing verdict. While life sentences are prohibited, ''de facto'' life sentences are permitted in selected jurisdictions, as the
South Carolina Supreme Court The Supreme Court of South Carolina is the highest court in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The court is composed of a chief justice and four associate justices.
ruled on April 3, 2019, in the case of ''State of South Carolina v. Conrad Lamont Slocumb.'' Slocumb was 13 in 1992 when he kidnapped and sexually assaulted a woman in Orangeburg, S,C shooting her in the face and head five times (she survived). He was sentenced to thirty years in prison for that offence. While an inmate at the Department of Juvenile Justice, the then 16-year old Slocumb escaped from a corrections officer while being treated in a Columbia hospital, charging into an apartment and raping another woman, stealing jewelry from her apartment. Slocumb was given a life without parole sentence for burglary under Section 17-25-45 of the South Carolina Code, thirty years in prison for the first kidnapping, thirty years for criminal sexual conduct in the first degree, fifteen years for robbery, and five years for escaping, all served consecutively. After the ''Graham'' and ''Miller'' decisions, the life sentence was changed to a fifty-year sentence. The state noted Slocumb had failed to complete any educational courses or enroll in any rehabilitative programs while incarcerated. The state Supreme Court noted the seriousness of Slocumb's two crimes, and his adult behaviour in prison, ruling that ''Graham'' and ''Miller'' do not prohibit aggregate sentences for multiple offenses equivalent to a life sentence on a juvenile nonhomicide offender. Slocumb's sentence is a total of 130 years, which he claims is a ''de facto'' life sentence.


''Jones v. Mississippi''

In 2021, the Supreme Court held in '' Jones v. Mississippi'' that, when a minor commits a homicide, ''Miller'' and '' Montgomery v. Louisiana'' do ''not'' require the sentencing judge to make a separate factual finding of "permanent incorrigibility" before sentencing the defendant to life ''without'' parole. In such a case, a discretionary sentencing system is both constitutionally necessary and constitutionally sufficient.


References


External links

* * {{US8thAmendment United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law United States children's rights case law 2012 in United States case law