Jack of Diamonds (artists)

Knave of Diamonds (, Romanized: Bubnovyi Valet), also called Jack Of Diamonds, was a circle of avant-garde artists in Russia, heavily influenced by French styles, who sought "to unite the stylistic system of Cezanne with the primitive traditions of folk art, the Russian ''lubok'' (popular prints) and tradesman's signs." Named for the eponymous exhibition held in Moscow in 1910, the group's intention was to provoke the art establishment in Russia, challenge "good taste," and shock. The group remained active until December 1917.

Inception: The ''Knave of Diamonds'' First Exhibition, Moscow, 1910

The inaugural ''Knave of Diamonds'' exhibition opened in Moscow in Levisson Building on 10 December 1910, and ran through to January 16, 1911, and included works by thirty eight artists.

The exhibition featured French cubist paintings by Henri Le Fauconnier, André Lhote, Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger and Luc Albert Moreau. Curated by Alexandre Mercereau,Camilla Gray, ''L'Avant-garde russe dans l'art moderne, 1863-1922'', Édition Thames et Hudson 2003 p. 122, the exhibition additionally included works by Russian-German expressionists from Munich Wassily Kandinsky and his partner Gabrielle Munter, Alexey von Jawlensky and Marianne von Werefkin, Germans (including Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Otto Mueller, Alexander Kanoldt, Adolf Erbslöh, Italian Erma Bossi, the Dutch from Paris (including Kees van Dongen), Russian-French Léopold Survage and Russian artists active in the Moscow scene, including the group of young artists recently expelled from the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture due to their "leftist tendencies".

A stated objective of the exhibition was "to offer young Russian artists who find it extremely difficult to get accepted for exhibitions under the existing indolence and cliquishness of our artistic spheres, the chance to get onto the main road."

But exhibition's name itself, coined by Mikhail Larionov because "he liked the sound of it." was itself a salvo at the exhibition-attending public of the period. While one contemporary account blandly concluded: "Organizers regard the title Knave of Diamonds as a symbol of young enthusiasm and passion, 'for the knave implies youth and the suit of diamonds represents seething blood,'" the public itself understood the symbolism to trend in a different direction: "unaccustomed to such novel titles," they assumed the show to be "a gambling house or brothel," and "in no way an art exhibition." The reviews that followed were commensurately critical.

The Moscow painters, admirers of modern French artistic styles and frequent visitors to collectors Sergei Shchukin's and his rival Ivan Morozov's houses (from 1909, Shchukin's mansion was open every afternoon Sunday for public viewing) where they could admire canvases by Cézanne, Henri Matisse, Van Gogh, Gauguin and Pablo Picasso, included Mikhail Larionov and his wife Natalya Goncharova, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Aristarkh Lentulov, Ilya Mashkov, Aleksandr Kuprin, Vasily Rozhdestvensky, Robert Falk, David Burlyuk and his brother Vladimir Burlyuk, Alexey Morgunov, Artur Fonvizin, Boris Takke, Sergei Lobanov and Victor Savinkov, brother of revolutionary Boris Savinkov.

Kazimir Malevich and Alexandra Exter also participated in the first exhibition.

Notable members and associates

The group was founded by Pyotr Konchalovsky (elected Chairman), Aristarkh Lentulov (founding member, ensured funding for the first exhibition through his rich father-in-law Pyotr Rukin and his merchant colleagues from Nizhny Novgorod), Mikhail Larionov and Natalya Goncharova, Ilya Mashkov (elected secretary), Aleksandr Kuprin (elected treasurer), Vasily Rozhdestvensky (founding board member), and included Robert Falk, David Burliuk, Wladimir Burliuk, Vasily Kamensky, Velimir Khlebnikov, Kazimir Malevich, Alexander Osmerkin, Alexander Shevchenko, Aleksey Kruchenykh, Adolf Milman, Lyubov Popova, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Antonina Fedorovna Sofronova, and Moisey Feigin. Their works demonstrate the artists’ interest in the developing of the new styles (Russian Primitivism, Russian Cezanneism, Moscow School of Neo-Primitivism, among others) that emerged around their first exhibition as a result of their integrating folk art of the provinces in the artworks. Other new styles and genres, such as performance and body-art, emerged from this unlikely blending of fine European art, Russian folk art, and urban folk of the masses in Russia. The artistic significance of the individual members of The Knave of Diamonds aside, their activities conditioned a qualitative shift in Russian art of the 1910s. Among the most important changes was the democratization of the art society in Russia.

Moscow's Fractious Avante-Garde

The show's title was subsequently adopted to form a new artistic association in Moscow, an association which soon became the largest and one of the most significant exhibition societies. This group of artists contended that Moscow would be the future of the contemporary art scene, with its artists revitalizing depleted Western European culture with the purity and vitality of their work. With a nod to Dadaist ideas, the group as a whole paid close attention to traditionally crafted toys, indigenous art forms, signboards, and even icons. The lubok print style was exalted, and folklore motifs embraced. "The Russian artists were following the paths that Gauguin, Matisse and Picasso had gone down in discovering the primitives of Africa and Oceania, with the only difference that they did not need to go far away to find inspiration but got it at home - in shop signs, in tin-ware or the works of other non-professional folk artisans."

In 1912, the more radical members of the group, including Mikhail Larionov and Goncharova, split to form the Donkey's Tail.

Exhibitions

* Knave of Diamonds (10 Dec 1910 — 16 Jan 1911) at Levisson house, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, Moscow
* Knave of Diamonds (23 (or 25) Jan — 26 Feb 1912) at Moscow Military District Economic Society of Officers, 10 Vozdvizhenka str., Moscow
* Knave of Diamonds (7 Feb — 7 Mar 1913) at Levisson house, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, Moscow, 3 – 28 April, St. Petersburg
* Knave of Diamonds (5 Feb — 2 Mar 1914) at Society of Lovers of Art, Moscow
* Artists of Moscow for Victims of the War (6 Dec 1915 — 18 Jan 1916)
* Knave of Diamonds (6 Nov — 19 Dec 1916) at Kira Mikhailova Art Salon, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, Moscow
* Knave of Diamonds (21 Nov — 3 Dec 1917) at Kira Mikhailova Art Salon, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, Moscow
* Vystavka proizvedenii khudozhnikov gruppy 'Bubnovyi valet' nave of Diamond Retrospective (1927)Moscow

The Second Exhibition (1912)

The Second Exhibition (23 Jan — 26 Feb 1912) at Moscow Military District Economic Society of Officers, 10 Vozdvizhenka str., Moscow included the French Pablo Picasso, Albert Gleizes, André Derain, Robert Delaunay, Charles Camoin, Fernand Leger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Henri Matisse, Othon Friesz, German Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Franz Marc, Otto Mueller, Max Pechstein, Heinrich Nauen, Erich Heckel and Wassily Kandinsky with Gabrielle Munter, Kees van Dongen, Norwegian Xan Krohn, Russians Alexandra Exter, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Nikolai Kulbin, Aleksandr Kuprin, Aristarkh Lentulov, Ilya Mashkov, Adolf Milman, Robert Falk, Victor Savinkov, David Burlyuk and his brother Vladimir Burlyuk, Alexis Gritchenko.

The Third Exhibition (1913)

The Third Exhibition (7 Feb — 7 Mar 1913) at Levisson house, Moscow, and 3 – 28 April, St. Petersburg included the French Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, Henri Rousseau, Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain, Henri Le Fauconnier, Paul Signac, Albert Marquet, Swiss-French Félix Vallotton, Latvian-French Frédéric Fiebig, Dutch Kees van Dongen, Conrad Kickert, Lodewijk Schelfhout, Czech Otakar Kubín, Russians Alexandra Exter, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Ilya Mashkov, Aleksandr Kuprin, Aristarkh Lentulov, Adolf Milman, Vasily Rozhdestvensky, Vladimir Tatlin, Robert Falk, Victor Savinkov, David Burlyuk and his brother Vladimir Burlyuk, Alexis Gritchenko.

The Fourth Exhibition (1914)

The Fourth Exhibition (5 Feb — 2 Mar 1914) at Society of Lovers of Art, Moscow included the French Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain, Henri Le Fauconnier, Dutch Conrad Kickert, Lodewijk Schelfhout, Russians Alexandra Exter, Kazimir Malevich, Lyubov Popova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Ilya Mashkov, Aleksandr Kuprin, Aristarkh Lentulov, Adolf Milman, Vasily Rozhdestvensky, Robert Falk, Victor Savinkov, David Burlyuk and his brother Vladimir Burlyuk.

The Fifth Exhibition (1916)

The Fifth Exhibition (6 Nov — 19 Dec 1916) at Kira Mikhailova Art Salon, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, Moscow due to the 1WW could not show the works of the foreigners (save for Norwegian Xan Krohn) and included only the Russians Alexandra Exter, Kazimir Malevich, Ivan Kljun, Lyubov Popova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Olga Rozanova, Ivan Puni, Xenia Boguslavskaya, Marc Chagall, Nathan Altman, Vera Pestel, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Aleksandr Kuprin, Aristarkh Lentulov, Robert Falk, Victor Savinkov.

Influences

The ''Knave of Diamonds'' defined "the Russian pre-revolutionary culture", a favorite culture of the Moscow intelligentsia in the 1970s.

Related artist groups

Painters Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, and a sub-group of artists ceded from the group to form the more radical Donkey's Tail, accusing the Knaves of artistic stagnation. Goncharova called out what she saw as the group's replacement of "artistic creation with theorizing." Despite these period claims, in retrospect, "it is hard to award primacy and originality of pictorial enterprise" to either group.

Gallery

File:Knave of Diamond Exhibition 1912 Moscow.jpg, Knave of Diamond Exhibition 1912 Moscow
File:Бубн Валет Логотип.jpg, Knave of Diamonds logo designed by Alexey Morgunov
File:Роберт Фальк, Александр Куприн, Василий Рождественский,Петр Кончаловский.jpg, L-R: Pyotr Konchalovsky, Vasily Rozhdestvensky, Alexander Kuprin, Robert Falk, unknown. 1914
File:Осмеркин Машков Куприн Кончаловский Лентулов Рождественский 1941.jpg, Osmerkin Mashkov Kuprin Konchalovsky Lentulov Rozhdestvensky
File:На выставке Кончаловского в ГТГ в 1941 Машков поздравляет Кончаловского.jpg, Konchalovsky exhibition 1941 Mashkov congratulates Konchalovsky
File:И.И.Машков на крыше дома, где помещалась мастерская.jpg, Ilya Mashkov above his study at Myasnitskaya in Moscow
File:Машков со своей женой Марией Ивановной.1924.jpg, Ilya Mashkov with wife at his workshop
File:Куприн за органом в мастерской.jpg, Kuprin playing organ at his workshop

References

Literature

* Cubism and Its Histories, David Cottington - 2004
* Architecture and Cubism, Eve Blau, Nancy J. Troy - 2002
* A Cubism Reader: Documents and Criticism, 1906-1914, Mark Antliff, Patricia Dee Leighten - 2008
* Cubism, José Pierre - 1969
* Honour, H. and J. Fleming, (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 784. ISBN 9781856695848
* Mark Antliff and Patricia Leighten, A Cubism Reader, Documents and Criticism, 1906–1914, University of Chicago Press, 2008, pp. 293–295
* Cottington, David (April 19, 2004). Cubism and Its Histories. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719050046.
* Mikhail Lifshitz, The Crisis of Ugliness: From Cubism to Pop-Art. Translated and with an Introduction by David Riff. Leiden: BRILL, 2018 (originally published in Russian by Iskusstvo, 1968)
* Daniel Robbins, Sources of Cubism and Futurism, Art Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, (Winter 1981)
* Kolokytha, Chara; Hammond, J.M.; Vlčková, Lucie. "Cubism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism.

Further reading

* G. G. Pospelov, Bubnovii Valet / Knave of Diamonds, Moscow, 1990.
* State Russian Museum, State Tretiakov Gallery, Ekaterina Cultural Foundation, The Knave of Diamonds in the Russian Avant-Garde. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions, 2004.
* Benedikt Livshits, The One and a Half-Eyed Archer (1931). Translated by John E. Bowlt. Newtonville, Mass: Oriental Research Partners, 1977, pages 69–96.
* «Бубновый валет» (Общество художников «Бубновый валет»)] / Andrej Sarabjanov // Энциклопедия русского авангарда

External links

Knave of Diamonds, InCoRM (International Chamber of Russian Modernism), Compiled by Patricia Railing

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack of Diamonds
Russian artist groups and collectives
Russian modern artists
Russian avant-garde
Russian painters
Russian art movements
Russian Futurist painters
Cubism
Futurism
Modernism
Modern art
Avant-garde art
Art movements