Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló (; 17 May 1845 – 10 June 1902) was a Catalan writer, regarded as one of the greatest poets of Catalan literature and a prominent literary figure of the Renaixença, a cultural revival movement of the late Romantic era. The bishop Josep Torras i Bages, one of the main figures of Catalan nationalism, called him the "Prince of Catalan poets". He was also known as ''mossèn'' (Father) Cinto Verdaguer, because of his career as a priest, and informally also simply "mossèn Cinto" (with Cinto being a short form of Jacint).

Life

He was born in Folgueroles, a town on the Plain of Vic, in the '' comarca'' of

Osona Osona () is a comarques of Catalonia, comarca situated in the Central Catalonia, central region of Catalonia, Spain. Its capital is Vic, Spain, Vic. Its population in 2001 was 129,543. Osona covers roughly the same area as the historic Catalan co ...

( Province of Barcelona) to a modest family who valued learning. His father, Josep Verdaguer i Ordeix ( Tavèrnoles, 1817 – Folgueroles, 1876), was a brickmason and farmer. His mother, Josepa Santaló i Planes ( Folgueroles, 1819–1871), a housewife and farmer, was to exercise great influence over young Jacint, as she conveyed to him a love of literature, especially poetry, and was a deeply religious woman. He was the third of eight children, only three of whom survived. In 1855, at the age of 10, he entered the

Seminary A seminary, school of theology, theological college, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture and theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as cle ...

of Vic, as was expected for a child who was not the first-born under the system of

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and had to make his livelihood without relying on an inheritance. Until then, he had lived like the other children in his town. The anecdotes told about him show that he stood out from his peers for his intelligence, astuteness and courage, as well as his athletic constitution. He displayed a balanced attitude without any apparent religious inclinations. In 1863, when he was 18, he started to work as a tutor for a family at the Can Tona masia (where he also helped out on the farm), while he continued to study. Can Tona is in the municipal district of Sant Martí de Riudeperes, today Calldetenes (

). In 1864, while a seminary student at the , Verdaguer wrote his first published poem ''Als estudiants. Recepta'', written in the style of a satirical décima. He was influenced in this endeavour by the popularity of a similar satirical décima, ''Entusiasme d'un estudiant per la cresta'' written by fellow seminary student Andreu Garriga in 1863. That same year, he participated in

Barcelona Barcelona ( ; ; ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...

's Jocs Florals ("Floral Games") poetry contest, though without distinction. However, he was more successful in the next two Jocs Florals, winning four prizes in 1865 and two in 1866. In the late 1860s, Verdaguer would become the central figure of the , a group of young poets in Vic inspired by the ideals of the Catalan Renaixença. On 24 September 1870 he was ordained a priest by the bishop Lluís Jordà in Vic, and in October that same year, he said his first Mass, in the Sant Jordi hermitage. The next day he said his second Mass in the Sant Francesc hermitage near Vic. In 1871, his mother died (January 17) at the age of 52. On September 1 he was appointed bishop coadjutor of the small town of Vinyoles d'Orís and three days later he took up his charge. In 1873, he published the ''cant'' (ode or song) "Passió de Nostre Senyor Jesucrist" (Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ). He left Vinyoles d'Orís for health reasons and moved to Vic. He went on a trip to Roussillon and saw the mountain, El Canigó, possibly for the first time. In December, he joined the Companyia Transatlàntica trans-Atlantic steamship company as a chaplain because he was prescribed sea air for his health; he embarked in

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bound for

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, Jacint Verdaguer finished his epic poem ''L'Atlàntida''. In November he entered the palace of Antonio López, 1st Marquess of Comillas as an alms chaplain. In 1877, when he was 32, and having returned from his journey, the jury of the Jocs Florals awarded him the special prize of the Diputation of

for '' L'Atlàntida''. Now he had earned his reputation as a poet. In 1878, he traveled to Rome, where he was granted an audience with Pope Leo XIII. They discussed Verdaguer's poem ''L'Atlàntida''. In 1880, as the winner of three prizes in the Jocs Florals, he was proclaimed "Master of the Gay Sciences" (''Mestre en Gai Saber''). That same year he published his book of poetry, ''

Montserrat Montserrat ( , ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is part of the Leeward Islands, the northern portion of the Lesser Antilles chain of the West Indies. Montserrat is about long and wide, wit ...

'', which included "Llegenda de Montserrat", a legend (or two) in the form of a poem with 13 cantos. In 1883, the Barcelona City Council published a print-run of a hundred thousand copies of his "Oda a Barcelona" (Ode to Barcelona), a 46-stanza poem. Such a print-run was quite a remarkable given that the population of Barcelona at the time was 350,000, which would have amounted to about a copy per household. At the age of 39, Verdaguer traveled to Paris,

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, Germany and Russia. His collection of poems ''Caritat'' (''Charity'', 1885) was published to raise funds for reconstruction after the Andalusian earthquake of 25 December 1884. On 21 March 1886, when he was 41 years old, Bishop Morgades crowned him 'Poet of Catalonia' in the monastery of Ripoll. He published the epic poem '' Canigó'' and made a pilgrimage to the

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. In 1893, following controversy about aspects of his work as a priest, he left the post of alms chaplain at Claudio López, 2nd Marquess of Comillas’ palace. The publication of the trilogy ''Jesús Infant'' was completed, and he was assigned to the sanctuary of La Gleva. For a period, he was stripped of his office as priest, although this was eventually restored. In 1894, the books ''Roser de tot l'any'' and ''Veus del bon pastor'' were published. On 31 March he left the sanctuary of La Gleva. On 17 May 1902, his 57th birthday, he moved from his home at Carrer Aragó 235 in Barcelona to the country house known as Vil·la Joana, in Vallvidrera (Barcelona), where he hoped to convalesce. On 10 June he died in Vil·la Joana, which is now one of the Barcelona City History Museum (MUHBA) heritage sites. Verdaguer was buried in Montjuïc Cemetery in Barcelona. He was depicted on the Spanish 1971 500 Pesetas banknote.

Selected works

Among his works are: * '' L'Atlàntida'' (Atlantis, 1876), epic poem * '' Idil·lis i cants místics'' (Idylls and Mystic Songs, 1879), book of poems * ''

'' (1880, 1899), book of poems on the topic of Montserrat * ''" A Barcelona"'' ("To Barcelona", 1883), ode in 46 stanzas * ''Caritat'' (Charity, 1885) * '' Canigó'' (1886), epic poem * '' Sant Francesc'' (Saint Francis, 1895) * '' Flors del Calvari'' (Flowers of Calvary, 1896) The scenic cantata ''Atlàntida'', composed by Manuel de Falla and completed after de Falla's death by Ernesto Halffter, is based on Verdaguer's '' L'Atlàntida''. Manuel de Falla considered this large-scale orchestral piece to be the most important of all his works. Some of his shorter poems are well known as songs in

Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationalities and regions of Spain, nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, Statute of Autonomy. Most of its territory (except the Val d'Aran) is situate ...

, especially "L'Emigrant" ("Sweet Catalonia, country of my heart...").

Bibliography

Verdaguer's works are collected in English in: * ''Selected Poems of Jacint Verdaguer: A Bilingual Edition'', edited and translated by Ronald Puppo, with an introduction by Ramon Pinyol i Torrents, University of Chicago Press, 2007, 339 pp. (), ()

References

General references

*This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Catalan-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the versions of December 21, 2005 and February 2016.

External links

*
Jacint Verdaguer
at the Association of Writers in the Catalan Language website, with a biography , and a complete bibliography, a brief anthology (excerpts), a collection of articles of literary criticism on his work, etc. in Catalan.
About Jacint Verdaguer and his place in Catalan literature
in ''Visat'', a digital journal on literature and translation by the Catalan Chapter of

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