JB Carlson (born February 1974) is an American businessman,
founder,
chief executive officer
A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a chief executive or managing director, is the top-ranking corporate officer charged with the management of an organization, usually a company or a nonprofit organization.
CEOs find roles in variou ...
,
(CEO),
social entrepreneur
Social entrepreneurship is an approach by individuals, groups, Startup company, start-up companies or entrepreneurs, in which they develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. This concept may be applied to ...
and
executive director. Carlson founded Carlson Imperatives NGO, Carlson Control Systems, Inc., CarlsonEAR LLC., Carlson Corporation in 1993 (
Indianapolis
Indianapolis ( ), colloquially known as Indy, is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Indiana, most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana, Marion ...
, Indiana), JB Carlson Corporation (Indianapolis) Pacesetter Finishing Inc. and Carlson Media Group, Inc. in 2001 (
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic states, South Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders Maryland to its south and west, Pennsylvania to its north, New Jersey ...
).
Heritage
Ray Redford was JB Carlson's grandfather. Redford owned and operated the largest
moving company with
cartage in
Detroit, Mich during the 1940s – 1950's operating in 11 states. Subsequently Redford combined moving and storage, a first in the industry. The operation included
Mobil Petroleum fueling stations to refuel his trucks and serve the consumer market. Redford's mill manufactured boxes for his moving and storage operation (corrugated boxes did not yet exist.) Redford owned part of a rail line with the
Pullman Company
The Pullman Company, founded by George Pullman, was a manufacturer of railroad cars in the mid-to-late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, during the boom of railroads in the United States. Through rapid late-19th century d ...
and 4 additional moving companies simultaneously including Northwest Cartage.
Redford was responsible for
Redford Theatre, additionally heating the facility with fuel from his nearby Mobil station. Redford's love of cars and movies created one of the first drive-in movie theatres. Controversy followed subsequent to Redford suing the
City of Detroit eventually rising before the
Michigan Supreme Court
The Michigan Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is Michigan's court of last resort and consists of seven justices. The Court is located in the Michigan Hall of Justice at 925 Ottawa Street in Lansing, the s ...
. Chief Justice
Leland W. Carr (William Carr) wrote the opinion with Redford M & S prevailing over the City of Detroit. Eventually Carr's ruling set a
precedent
Precedent is a judicial decision that serves as an authority for courts when deciding subsequent identical or similar cases. Fundamental to common law legal systems, precedent operates under the principle of ''stare decisis'' ("to stand by thin ...
that has been adopted nationally. The case was decided June 2, 1952.
Currently, Redford is the subject of a soon to be released book, "Ray at Redford" comparing Redford to His grandson, JB Carlson.
Early life
Carlson is a lifetime member of the
National Eagle Scout Association
The National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) is an organization of individuals who have earned the rank of Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America), Eagle Scout in Scouting America. NESA's stated objective is "to serve Eagle Scouts and, through them, ...
, earned his "" (to the altar of God) and awarded an honorary Indian named "Fast White-Tailed Running Deer" from a tribe in the
Ozarks
The Ozarks, also known as the Ozark Mountains, Ozark Highlands or Ozark Plateau, is a physiographic region in the U.S. states of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, as well as a small area in the southeastern corner of Kansas. The Ozarks cover ...
in recognition of Carlson's economic contributions and service projects he conducted. Carlson has remarked his early influences were
T.P. Donovan, Van Smith,
Beurt SerVaas,
Richard Thalheimer and
Neil Balter.
The subject of Carlson's 1990 "Ad Altare Dei" was
John_Henry_Newman. In October 2019 Newman was canonised a Catholic saint by
Pope_Francis
Pope Francis (born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936 – 21 April 2025) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 13 March 2013 until Death and funeral of Pope Francis, his death in 2025. He was the fi ...
with then Prince
Charles_III
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.
Charles was born at Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and ...
in attendance at St. Peter's Square. Carlson's friend and longtime priest of 35 years, Rev. James R. Bates was instrumental in the canonization of Newman.
During high school Carlson worked for
Ross Perot
Henry Ross Perot ( ; June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive officer of Electronic Data Systems and Perot Systems. He ran an Independent politician ...
's independent presidential campaign in 1992.
Early career
JB Carlson has appeared in three ''
New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
" bestselling books,
Vanity Fair, most recently, "The Liar's Ball: The Extraordinary Saga of How One Building Broke the World's Toughest Tycoons" which characterized Carlson as an "opponent to
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
."''
Whilst a
freshman
A freshman, fresher, first year, or colloquially frosh, is a person in the first year at an educational institution, usually a secondary school or at the college and university level, but also in other forms of post-secondary educational in ...
in college, JB Carlson started The Carlson Corporation and negotiated a contract between a national retailer,
The Sharper Image and a large manufacturer of portable soft-sided spas catering consumers residing in apartments, condos and second homes, creating a new
distribution channel for the product.
Later, Carlson sold a unique security apparatus he
rebranded as "The Fortress". "The Fortress" was sold primarily through
radio commercials Carlson produced. Producing these radio commercials was his first exposure to the media business.
Carlson Imperatives NGO
Carlson Imperatives NGO, is a
non-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an independent, typically nonprofit organization that operates outside government control, though it may get a significant percentage of its funding from government or corporate sources. NGOs often focus ...
(
NGO) focusing on imperatives identified by Carlson to better and serve the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
and other
intergovernmental organizations. Some Carlson Imperatives include
nuclear testing via
ratifying the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,
climate change
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in ...
,
climate change mitigation
Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation actions include energy conservation, conserving energy and Fossil fuel phase-out, repl ...
, Imperatives regarding water (water pressure, water purity, and water volume),
fire extinguisher methods using sound,
women's rights
Women's rights are the rights and Entitlement (fair division), entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st c ...
and aligning private and public sector interests to meet
Sustainable Development Goals
The ''2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'', adopted by all United Nations (UN) members in 2015, created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The aim of these global goals is "peace and prosperity for people and the planet" – wh ...
(SDGs) created by the United Nations through several methods including
B Corporation (certification)
In business, a company that uses the “Certified B Corporation” trademark (also B Corporation or B Corp) is a for-profit corporation certified for its Social impact assessment, social impact by B Lab, a global 501(c) organization, non-profit ...
and special accounting methods.
Carlson Media Technology
In 2001, Carlson created a
business model
A business model describes how a Company, business organization creates, delivers, and captures value creation, value,''Business Model Generation'', Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Alan Smith, and 470 practitioners from 45 countries, self-pub ...
that was sold to some of the largest companies in the world. Since then, Carlson led teams that did business with
Procter & Gamble
The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It specializes in a wide range of personal health/con ...
,
Kimberly Clark,
Sprite Remix,
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a cola soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries and territories worldwide, with consumers drinking more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings ...
,
Land O'Lakes,
Purina,
Anheuser Busch,
The Sharper Image,
Marsh_Supermarket, and
Wal-Mart
Walmart Inc. (; formerly Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets (also called supercenters), discount department stores, and grocery stores in the United States and 23 other ...
.
Carlson ended his relationship with Wal-Mart when
Tom Coughlin, then vice-chairman of Wal-Mart and former confidant of
Sam Walton, was arrested. Carlson's
chief financial officer
A chief financial officer (CFO) is an officer of a company or organization who is assigned the primary responsibility for making decisions for the company for projects and its finances; i.a.: financial planning, management of financial risks, ...
, David W. Elder, had formerly worked for
Sam Walton's daughter,
Alice Walton.
.
During Carlson's tenure Carlson's business model and value proposition included reducing fraud and terrorism financing from conditional bearer instruments/coupons. Carlson participated in and was partially responsible for saving CPGs over $450,000,000 in coupon fraud, including coupon fraud that financed some of the world's largest terrorist events, including the first World Trade Center bombing and $250M from an industry insider, International Outsourcing Services.
The total face-value of coupons printed in the United States exceeded the M2
Money_supply.
Federal litigation
American International Group, Inc. (
AIG
American International Group, Inc. (AIG) is an American multinational finance and insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and jurisdictions. As of 2023, AIG employed 25,200 people. The company operates through three core ...
), through its subsidiary American General Life, Inc. (AGL), on December 31, 2008 sued an insurance trust owned by one of Carlson's companies to contest a $15 million claim in federal district court (
United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana).
The AIG lawsuit alleged that Carlson secured a life insurance policy without possessing the required
insurable interest so that he, his company and trusts could later profit from selling the policy on the secondary market. This is called
stranger-originated life insurance (SOLI).
AIG alleged that the policy was nothing more than a wagering contract which is void ''
ab initio''. Count one requested a
declaratory judgment
A declaratory judgment, also called a declaration, is the legal determination of a court that resolves legal uncertainty for the litigants. It is a form of legally binding preventive by which a party involved in an actual or possible legal ma ...
for rescission and/or voiding of the policy based on lack of insurable interest.
Carlson response
Carlson responded to
AIG
American International Group, Inc. (AIG) is an American multinational finance and insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and jurisdictions. As of 2023, AIG employed 25,200 people. The company operates through three core ...
, claiming that the "policy was a '
key man' policy to protect his business against the loss of Tomlinson's (Carlson's insured director) contributions to the success of his business as a director."
Therefore, Carlson contended that he and his business had an
insurable interest in his director's life and that, even if there was not an insurable interest, AIG's own two-year contestability provided that: “Except as stated below, we cannot contest this policy after it has been in force during the insured’s lifetime for 2 years from the date of issue.”
Carlson continued, "AIG did not raise any contentions about fraud or misrepresentation in the application process until after Germaine Tomlinson's death and more than two years after the Policy's date of issue."
Premiums
had been paid and were up to date.
He further claimed that Indiana state law prevented AIG from contesting the claim. Carlson asserted, "like other states, Indiana expressly authorized by corporations to insure the lives of its directors."
Indiana Code § 27-1-12-17 authorizes corporations to insure the lives of its directors, officers, agents and employees."
Countersuit
JB Carlson countersued AIG. Count I of Carlson's counter complaint was for breach of contract and count II was for
bad faith. Carlson provided emails from the life insurance agent, Geoffrey A. VanderPal, encouraging Carlson to sell the policy. However, Carlson never filled out an application to sell the policy.
Judge's ruling
Judge
Sarah Evans Barker found only circumstantial evidence against Carlson, but significant and strong evidence that Tomlinson served as an active member of Carlson's
board of directors
A board of directors is a governing body that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency.
The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulatio ...
since 2002 and that Tomlinson attended business meetings and introduced Carlson to a multitude of people who "possessed sufficient financial resources" to qualify them to become his investors, lenders and clients. Judge Barker wrote that some of Carlson's other board members testified in depositions that Tomlinson was on the Board and court documents stated that Germaine Tomlinson had told others that she was a board member of his company.
Board meeting minutes also mentioned Tomlinson's participation in the meetings.
Judge Barker stated that Tomlinson controlled the trust with exclusive power to change the beneficial interest at any point
and she chose not to make any changes to the trusts named beneficiaries
and therefore it was doubtful that Carlson could have participated in wagering.
Judge Barker ruled that both
AIG
American International Group, Inc. (AIG) is an American multinational finance and insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and jurisdictions. As of 2023, AIG employed 25,200 people. The company operates through three core ...
and Carlson's positions and facts did not meet the standard for Summary Judgment and ordered the case to a jury trial.
Carlson's case received global media coverage.
Bank litigation
During the lawsuit, Carlson sued
LaSalle Bank/
Bank of America
The Bank of America Corporation (Bank of America) (often abbreviated BofA or BoA) is an American multinational investment banking, investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered at the Bank of America Corporate Center in ...
Wilmington Trust for $45 million, charging that the parties breached their fiduciary duties, were negligent, failed to do the most basic due diligence, "retained sole and exclusive possession of the original Policy documents, contracts, and records relating to the Transaction and did not disclose all the documents and information in the Transaction" to Carlson and when he did receive a PDF of the policy it was highly redacted and had missing pages. Only after Carlson was sued by AIG was he able to see the policy books, underwriting materials and financials.
Carlson asserted that the parties blessed the transaction and said that their negligence and secrecy triggered the AIG lawsuit.
Carlson's $45 million suit was in response to the Tomlinson Estate and Tomisue Hilbert, Germaine Tomlinson's (the insured) daughter,
being allowed to intervene
in the AIG lawsuit and suing Carlson for $45,000,000 along with Wilmington Trust, Coventry Capital, AIG and LaSalle Bank.
Hilbert alleged that the insurance policy was for "estate planning purposes"
and that she and her family should receive the death benefit
even though she and her family never paid any premiums.
Tomisue and her husband Steve Hilbert alleged that Carlson, AIG, LaSalle Bank, Wilmington Trust and Coventry Capital were wagering on her mother's life. This became known in the media as the "Death Bet" case.
The Hilberts had other "far reaching"
allegations: that Carlson, LaSalle Bank, Wilmington Trust, Coventry Capital and AIG were all leading a conspiracy against her and her late mother's estate. Marty Wood, vice president of the Insurance Institute of Indiana said the Hilberts and Tomlinson's other biological heirs don't have a "clear path to collecting the $15,000,000." If a court found the policy valid, the proceeds would be collected by Carlson. If the policy was determined to be invalid, no one could collect.
The warring Messrs. JB Carlson and
Steve Hilbert agreed on one issue: that
AIG
American International Group, Inc. (AIG) is an American multinational finance and insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and jurisdictions. As of 2023, AIG employed 25,200 people. The company operates through three core ...
should pay the claim.
Dennis Francis McCrosson, III of McCrosson and Associates,
initially appeared with lawyers from the international law firm of Baker and Daniels
appearing a few months later to represent JB Carlson and all of the Carlson entities in the claims he was advancing and all of the claims against him and his entities.
On August 16, 2010, one of JB Carlson's lawyers entered a guilty plea and was sentenced on a
DUI.
Four days later, Carlson dismissed the firm. In October 2010, Carlson's attorney-client privileged documents started appearing on the internet and in Indianapolis. Dennis Francis McCrosson, III from McCrosson and Associates remained on the case. Jeffrey O. Meunier represented J.B. Carlson personally.
Maynard Cooper & Gale, a 200 plus firm from Birmingham, AL, represented AIG.
Magistrate Judge Jane Magnus-Stinson and Federal Judge Sarah Evans Barker presided over the AIG/Carlson lawsuit until President Obama (with the support of Senators Lugar and Bayh) nominated her as Judge of the
United States District Court
The United States district courts are the trial courts of the United States federal judiciary, U.S. federal judiciary. There is one district court for each United States federal judicial district, federal judicial district. Each district cov ...
for the
Southern District of Indiana on June 14, 2010. Magistrate Judge Tim A. Baker was assigned to the AIG/Carlson case on June 15, 2010. Federal Judge Sarah Evans Barker remained.
The Martin report
The Martin report analyzed key facts relating to AIG's claims that Carlson wagered, intended on selling the policy and a host of other claims. The report indirectly cleared Carlson of the accusations and claims. Carlson did not pay for or know of the existence of the report until it was released.
Carlson fought AIG for nearly 3 years in the end spending $8 million in legal fees and associated costs.
Carlson's lawsuit against
Wilmington Trust,
LaSalle Bank and
Bank of America
The Bank of America Corporation (Bank of America) (often abbreviated BofA or BoA) is an American multinational investment banking, investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered at the Bank of America Corporate Center in ...
was shorter.
AIG sells death-bet securities
AIG tried selling death-bet securities, attempting to do the very same thing it sued Carlson for allegedly doing. AIG was actively by rallying support among investors and credit-rating firms for controversial transactions also called "death bonds," "blood pools" and "collateralized death obligations" because the investor's return comes from the death of the insured. AIG had about $18 Billion worth of policies it was trying to sell.
Foul play accusations
Throughout the entire case Germaine Tomlinson's daughter, Tomisue Hilbert, made assertions of foul-play.
[ ]
The Marion county coroner ruled Tomlinson's 2008 death accidental
asphyxiation by drowning compounded by alcohol-based intoxication.
After the police and coroner said, "Tomlinson accidentally fell into the bathtub while drunk"
they reopened their inquiry at Tomlinson's daughter, Tomisue Hilbert, and the family's urging
even though the family and Hilbert "acknowledged having no hard evidence,"
"weren't pointing fingers at anyone,"
and, "I’m not accusing anybody of anything."
Reinvestigation
JB Carlson told the Wall Street Journal that Tomlinson's was "tremendously painful"
and it "is just ridiculous"
to think that the death was anything but a tragic accident.
Carlson said he had not heard from the police, was willing to cooperate and encouraged further investigation "because it would clear the air" by showing that Tomlinson was alive when he last saw her.
Captain Mark Rice, head of the homicide division of the
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department said even though they are making new inquiries the police stand by their conclusion that the death was accidental
and that he was "confident" it was an accident. Carlson's attorney said: "Everyone who has looked into this, except the Hilbert's, has concluded there is no foul play.”
On November 8, 2010 Police spokesman Sgt. Paul Thompson said that the reinvestigation was closed and that they had not changed their view that Tomlinson's death was accidental.
Tomlinson's son, Randy Lee Ball,
found her and police said that a rug was crumpled up, a glass shelf was knocked over and a faucet knob on the tub was broken. The coroner's autopsy found no bruising on her body. “Alfarena Ballew, chief deputy coroner for Marion County, says the scene was ‘consistent with a fall.’ She also said her records show that the house's doors were locked. Laura Covington, disputes that saying her brother (Randy Ball) found a patio door unlocked and he locked it before police arrived.”
“Detective Mike Mitchell said, ‘We worked it as a murder case’ for several months but concluded the death was accidental.”
Earlier in the night Tomlinson had been drinking heavily
and dancing under a white
parasol. Later people noticed Tomlinson stumbling and others suggested that Carlson take her home according to Carlson and two other people in the club that night. Tomlinson and Carlson were walked to Carlson's waiting limousine by the bar owner.
Tomisue Hilbert described her mother "as a healthy, active and vibrant woman with a busy and fulfilling life".
In an odd twist, Steve and Tomisue Hilbert were attending a party that was serving minors alcohol and when police arrived. Steve Hilbert said, "get a warrant." While Steve and Tomisue Hilbert were not arrested, former quarterback
Jack Trudeau was arrested for serving minors alcohol.
SEC, GAO and Department of Insurance
On Thursday, July 22, 2010, the
Securities and Exchange Commission
The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government, created in the aftermath of the Wall Street crash of 1929. Its primary purpose is to enforce laws against market m ...
called for tighter federal regulation of the life-insurance secondary market while a
Government Accountability Office
The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) is an independent, nonpartisan government agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing, evaluative, and investigative services for the United States Congress. It is the s ...
report cited inconsistencies in regulation across states.
Refinancing
Norman C. Kirst was a
Wisconsin
Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...
financier
who did business with Philippine President
Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and Kleptocracy, kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the c ...
, his wife
Imelda Marcos
Imelda Romualdez Marcos (; born Imelda Remedios Visitación Trinidad Romuáldez; July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician who was First Lady of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, wielding significant political power after her husband Ferdinand ...
, and aides to US presidents
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, Ford assumed the p ...
and
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until Resignation of Richard Nixon, his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican ...
. At some point Kirst started doing business with Carlson and his companies, arranging refinancings. Kirst died in
Vero Beach, Florida
Vero Beach is a city in and the county seat of Indian River County, Florida, United States. According to the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the city had a population of 16,354. Nicknamed "The Hibiscus City", Vero is situated about south ...
, having suffered for two years from "extremely advanced"
dementia
Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform activities of daily living, everyday activities. This typically invo ...
. Kirst died the same day or the day after Tomlinson died. Carlson said Kirst "seemed fine on phone conversations through about June 2008 when he lined up the refinancing, but the illness could explain its failure to materialize."
SJB lawsuit
On April 20, 2009, Opportunity Bridge Funding, LLC (OBF), sued Las Vegas businessman James C. Burchard and his company SJB Investments, LLC in Minnesota charging that Burchard committed fraud in his efforts to secure Carlson a $1,273,902.17 loan from Minnesota-based-lender OBF in an effort to refinance a small portion of the original refinancing. OBF and Carlson claimed that Burchard, a loan broker, submitted documents to secure Carlson's assets for himself and had no reason or legal right to claim the asset as his own, essentially stealing assets from Carlson and compromising OBF's (lender) right to secure the assets in the event of Carlson's default. Claims of fraudulent inducement, breach of fiduciary duty and negligence were also asserted. Burchard responded by stating that they owed "no duty to either party" and "no fiduciary duty to either party" and later countersued Carlson in Nevada claiming breach of contract. The case was consolidated to Minnesota and was resolved in a court ordered settlement conference. The settlement conference was concluded on Friday, July 24, 2009.
Settlement terms are confidential.
References
External links
*
JB Carlson on FacebookJB Carlson on TwitterJB Carlson on Instagram*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carlson, JB
1974 births
Living people
21st-century American businesspeople