Jacques André Fouilhoux (September 27, 1879 – June 20, 1945) was a French-born architect active in the United States from 1904 to 1945.''The New York Times''. (July 21, 1945)

''The New York Times'', p. 1. Accessed August 18, 2020. He is most well known for his work on

Tribune Tower The Tribune Tower is a , 36-floor Gothic Revival architecture, neo-Gothic skyscraper located at 435 Magnificent Mile, North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The early 1920s international design competition for the tower bec ...

in Chicago;

Rockefeller Center Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commerce, commercial buildings covering between 48th Street (Manhattan), 48th Street and 51st Street (Manhattan), 51st Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The 14 original Art De ...

; early skyscrapers such as the

Daily News Building The Daily News Building (also the News Building) is a skyscraper at 220 East 42nd Street in the East Midtown neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The original tower, designed by Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells in th ...

and

30 Rockefeller Plaza 30 Rockefeller Plaza (officially the Comcast Building; formerly RCA Building and GE Building) is a skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, New York. Completed in 1933 ...

; and the

1939 New York World's Fair The 1939 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair) was an world's fair, international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, New York, United States. The fair included exhibitio ...

, for which he designed the central

Trylon and Perisphere The Trylon and Perisphere were two monumental modernistic structures designed by architects Wallace Harrison and J. Andre Fouilhoux that were together known as the Theme Center of the 1939 New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park ...

.Commission on Chicago Historical and Architectural Landmarks. (1986)
"Tribune Tower: 435 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois"
reliminary Staff Summary of Information Accessed April 23, 2020Cohen, Barbara, Steven Heller and Seymour Chwast. (1989)
''Trylon and Perisphere''
New York: Harry N. Abrams. Accessed August 18, 2020.''The New York Times''. (November 25, 1939)

''The New York Times'', p. 16. Accessed August 18, 2020. Many of his early works are also listed in the

National Historic Register The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of sites, buildings, structures, districts, and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic ...

, including 705 Davis Street Apartments and Wickersham Apartments in

Portland Portland most commonly refers to: *Portland, Oregon, the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon *Portland, Maine, the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine *Isle of Portland, a tied island in the English Channel Portland may also r ...

, Oregon.National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Seven Hundred Five Davis Street Apartments
National Park Service. 1980. Accessed August 18, 2020.National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Wickersham Apartments
National Park Service. 1983. Accessed August 18, 2020. According to the

New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) is the Government of New York City, New York City agency charged with administering the city's Historic preservation, Landmarks Preservation Law. The LPC is responsible for protecting Ne ...

, Fouilhoux has received less attention than partners such as

John Mead Howells John Mead Howells ( ; August 14, 1868 – September 22, 1959) was an American architect. Early life and education Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the son of author William Dean Howells, he earned an undergraduate degree from Harvard Univ ...

and

Raymond Hood Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Gothic Revival architecture, Neo-Gothic and Art Deco styles. He is best known for his designs of the Tribune Tower, American Radiator Building ...

, but was "known as an astute engineer and a painstaking supervisor and his work gained the respect of his collaborators."Savage, Charles C. (June 19, 1984)
"Rockefeller Apartments"
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Accessed April 23, 2020.Krinsky, Carol Herselle. (1978)
''Rockefeller Center''
New York: Oxford University Press, p. 47. Accessed August 18, 2020.Wind, Herbert Warren. (November 27, 1954). "Architect," ''The New Yorker'', p. 56.

Early life and education

Jacques André Fouilhoux, better known as J.A. Fouilhoux throughout his career in the United States, was born to a Catholic family in

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

, France, on September 27, 1879. He attended the

Lycée Janson-de-Sailly Lycée Janson-de-Sailly is a ''lycée'' located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The ''lycéens'' of Janson are called ''les jansoniens'' and they usually refer to their high school as Janson, or JdS. It is the biggest academic inst ...

in Paris, and went on to earn B.A., B.S. and B.Ph. degrees from the

University of Paris The University of Paris (), known Metonymy, metonymically as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated wit ...

(Sorbonne). He was then accepted into the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, where he studied architecture as well as civil and mechanical engineering. Following his graduation, he moved to the United States in 1904 and began his architectural career as a draftsman for Albert Kahn in Detroit.Ferry, W. Hawkins. (1970)
''The Legacy of Albert Kahn''
Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, pp. 10–11. Accessed August 18, 2020 In 1908, he and Jean Butler Clark of Baltimore married in New York.New York Building Congress, Inc. (1945). "J. André Fouilhoux." Building Congress News, July 1945 (Commemorative Edition). Accessed April 23, 2020.

Career

Early works

In 1909, Fouilhoux relocated to Portland, and began a partnership with Morris H. Whitehouse that would last until World War I. Fouilhoux was prolific during the eight years he worked in Portland, and constructed a dozen notable buildings, including educational institutions (e.g.,

Jefferson High School This is a list of memorials to Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and third president of the United States and the author of the United States Declaration of Independence. Buildings Elementary schools *Jefferson Elementary School, in Cammack Villa ...

, the University Club) and residential buildings.Oregon Digital. (2009)
Jefferson, Thomas, School (Portland, Oregon)
University of Oregon Libraries. Accessed April 23, 2020. His earliest works were constructed in late-19th and early-20th century revival styles—

French Renaissance The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries. The period is associated with the pan-European Renaissance, a word first used by the French historian Jules Michelet to define ...

Collegiate Gothic Collegiate Gothic is an architectural style subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture, popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries for college and high school buildings in the United States and Canada, and to a certain extent Europ ...

, Tudor,

Jacobethan The Jacobethan ( ) architectural style, also known as Jacobean Revival, is the mixed national Renaissance revival style that was made popular in England from the late 1820s, which derived most of its inspiration and its repertory from the Engli ...

, Colonial, and English Arts and Crafts.National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Corbett, Elliott R., House
National Park Service. 1996. Accessed August 18, 2020.National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Corbett, H. L. and Gretchen Hoyt, House
National Park Service. 1991. Accessed August 18, 2020.National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Mann, Anna Lewis, Old People's Home
National Park Service. 1992. Accessed August 18, 2020.National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Waverly Country Club Clubhouse
National Park Service. 2013. Accessed March 29, 2020. While this design approach befit the zeitgeist, critics and historic preservationists describe a unique perspective in his architectural style. This is especially evident in Jefferson High School (1909), which subtly revealed and navigated tensions between the

Classical Revival Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassic ...

movement and more modern Arts and Crafts style. Fouilhoux's architecture, particularly the balance between referential embellishment and modern sensibility, had an enduring effect on Oregon.American Institute of Architects, Portland Chapter. (1968)
''A Guide to Portland architecture''
Portland, OR: Portland, Oregon chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Accessed August 18, 2020.Powell, M. (July 13, 2016)

''The New York Times''. Accessed April 23, 2020. Many of his buildings there are still standing and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Several continue to be highly sought-after residences that have defined luxurious neighborhoods, such as Wickersham Apartments (1910) and 705 Davis Street Apartments (1913).Eastman, Janet. (August 22, 2018)
"Portland's most beautiful apartment buildings"
''Oregonlive''. Accessed April 23, 2020. With the outbreak of World War I, Fouilhoux put his burgeoning career on pause and enlisted in the U.S. Army. He served as an officer in France in the

129th Field Artillery Regiment The 129th Field Artillery Regiment is a regiment of the Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army, part of the Missouri Army National Guard. The 1st Battalion is the only active unit of the regiment, with the battalion Headquarters and H ...

with future president

Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. As the 34th vice president in 1945, he assumed the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. Subsequen ...

and was discharged with the rank of major.American Standards Association. (1945). ''Industrial Standardization'' (Vol. 16).

Tribune Tower and Daily News Building

In 1920, Fouilhoux returned to the U.S. and for the rest of his life would be based in New York ''The New York Times''. (November 7, 1931)
"Anita C. Fouilhoux, Debutante, Honored"
''The New York Times'', p. 21. Accessed August 18, 2020.''The New York Times''. (November 3, 1938)

''The New York Times'', p. 43. Accessed August 18, 2020. He began making substantial contributions to modernist design approaches that would create a new architectural specter: the

skyscraper A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors. Most modern sources define skyscrapers as being at least or in height, though there is no universally accepted definition, other than being very tall high-rise bui ...

.Korom, Joseph J. (2008)
''The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height''
Boston: Branden Books. Accessed August 18, 2020. In the post-war architectural boom, Fouilhoux's work espoused and memorialized American democratic values, particularly freedom of the press. In 1922, Fouilhoux, Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells devised a design submission to the international competition for the

in Chicago along with over 260 other entries. With Fouilhoux working as an associate to partners Hood and Howells, their submission won the competition. The building melded medieval

gothic architectural Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, a Germanic people **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Gothic alphabet, an alphabet used to write the Gothic language ** Gothic ( ...

design elements with the

Art Deco Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...

sensibility of a modern office building.Fila, Bob & Blair Kamin. (2000)
''Tribune Tower: American Landmark''
Chicago: Tribune Company. Accessed April 23, 2020.Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.)
"Tribune Tower: Building, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Accessed April 23, 2020. A lightness in the building's gothic details enables the vibrancy of the design to not be beholden to its silhouette, as with other skyscrapers. Hood and Howell's design and the praise from the competition jurors encapsulated the architectural moment of the time—nostalgic, but on the brink of modern. Old elements were used in new ways, including at least 150 artifacts from historic sites that decorated the walls alongside quotes from historical figures. These inscriptions and sculptural details span decades and continents, memorializing the past in order to imagine the future that the

Tribune Company Tribune Media Company, also known as Tribune Company, was an American multimedia conglomerate headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Through Tribune Broadcasting, Tribune Media was one of the largest television broadcasting companies, owning 39 ...

aimed for. Upon opening in 1925, the building was described by critics as idiosyncratic but designed for practical use, with historical perspective, humor, and a vision of the future. Fouilhoux and other contributors were immortalized as fable characters in

Aesop Aesop ( ; , ; c. 620–564 BCE; formerly rendered as Æsop) was a Greeks, Greek wikt:fabulist, fabulist and Oral storytelling, storyteller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as ''Aesop's Fables''. Although his existence re ...

's screen in a large carved stone display above the main entrance. In a nod to the nickname assigned to Frenchmen during World War I, Fouilhoux is represented by a frog. In 1930, Howells, Hood and Fouilhoux designed another journalism building—the

in New York. Though the owners of the News Building and Tribune Tower had family ties, the buildings did not share the

neo-gothic Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half of the 19th century ...

design influence that distinguishes the latter; with the towering skyscraper design of the News Building, Fouilhoux entered into the "modernist vanguard." The News Building does, however, share Tribune Tower's use of art deco elements and quotes and symbols of democratic values and the American

Protestant work ethic The Protestant work ethic, also known as the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic, is a work ethic concept in sociology, economics, and history. It emphasizes that a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestantism, Pro ...

. The building was well received by critics, architects and New Yorkers, with a 1932 exhibition at

MoMA The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...

describing it as the "most effective skyscraper in New York."Smith, G. E. Kidder and Paul Goldberger. (1996)
''Source Book of American Architecture: 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present''
New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Accessed August 18, 2020.

Rockefeller Center

In 1931, Fouilhoux joined a consortium of preeminent architectural firms coordinated by Raymond Hood that would be involved in the

construction of Rockefeller Center The construction of the Rockefeller Center complex in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, was conceived in the late 1920s and led by John D. Rockefeller Jr. Rockefeller Center is on one of Columbia University's former campuses and is bounded by F ...

.Richards, William. (July 25, 2018)
"Is Rockefeller Center the true center of New York?"
. The American Institute of Architects. Accessed April 23, 2020 Todd, Robertson and Todd Engineering Corp., as advisers to

John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was one of the List of richest Americans in history, wealthiest Americans of all time and one of the richest people in modern hist ...

and his family, "selected architects who would be primarily interested in good planning, utility, cost, income, low operating expenses and progress ... men who were not committed to the architectural past nor too much interested in wild modernism."National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Rockefeller Center
National Park Service. 1987. Accessed April 23, 2020. Three different firms—listed as Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray; Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux; and Reinhard & Hofmeister—formed the collective Associated Architects for

. Fouilhoux had the greatest influence on the central fixture of the complex,

, known colloquially as "30 Rock". The RCA combined

design elements with Beaux-Arts inspiration and the increasingly widespread

International Style The International Style is a major architectural style and movement that began in western Europe in the 1920s and dominated modern architecture until the 1970s. It is defined by strict adherence to Functionalism (architecture), functional and Fo ...

.Goldberger, Paul. (July 14, 1976)
"Rockefeller Center Design: A Triumph for 30's and 70's"
''The New York Times''. Accessed April 23, 2020. From its inception, Rockefeller Center has captured the urban imagination of commercial media. In the 1980s,

Paul Goldberger Paul Goldberger (born December 4, 1950)Brennan, Elizabeth A.; Clarage, Elizabeth C''Who's who of Pulitzer Prize winners'' Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. Cfp.87on Paul Goldberger

of ''The New York Times'' reflected on its status: "It was always respected. Now, however, it seems more to be idolized, copied by young architects as they sketch new towers and chosen by urban planners as the model that large-scale urban complexes should strive to follow."Goldberger, Paul. (June 17, 1982)
"Rockefeller Center at 50: A Model Of Urban Design; An Appraisal"
''The New York Times''. Accessed April 23, 2020. After Hood's death in 1934, and following his work on Rockefeller Center, Fouilhoux partnered with

Wallace Harrison Wallace Kirkman Harrison (September 28, 1895 – December 2, 1981) was an American architect. Harrison started his professional career with the firm of Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray, participating in the construction of Rockefeller Center. He is ...

on a commission from John D. and

Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich "Rocky" Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was the 41st vice president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford. He was also the 49th governor of New York, serving from 1959 to 197 ...

to design the

Rockefeller Apartments The Rockefeller Apartments is a residential building at 17 West 54th Street (Manhattan), 54th Street and 24 West 55th Street (Manhattan), 55th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Wallace Harrison and J. An ...

just to the north. Though there was not a strong demand for housing in Manhattan at the time, the Rockefeller Apartments accumulated a long wait-list before completion because they were an ideal size for young professionals working at Rockefeller Center or

Midtown Manhattan Midtown Manhattan is the central portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan, serving as the city's primary central business district. Midtown is home to some of the city's most prominent buildings, including the Empire State Building, the ...

. Built in an international style with rounded and south-facing bay windows, it was praised by critics for its strong, progressive design aesthetics and practicalities. Noted urbanist

Lewis Mumford Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 – January 26, 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a ...

compared the apartment build with a romantic row of buildings in an old neighborhood in Germany: "When the windows are open up and down the façade, the effect is like a sudden whirring of birds' wings out of a tree. And if anyone wants to know what is modern ornament, that's what it is—something built for use, which suddenly, when it hits you at the right angle, begins to sing like the four-and-twenty blackbirds."Wojtowicz, Robert. (2000)
''Sidewalk Critic: Lewis Mumford's Writings on New York''
Princeton Architectural Press. Accessed August 18, 2020.

World of Tomorrow

The

was Fouilhoux and Harrison's most audacious architectural and engineering work. The New York Building Commission wrote that Fouilhoux's design contributions "created the distinctive tone of the exhibition." The 1939 World's Fair would be the second most expensive American World's Fair—an ambitious endeavor during the uncertain time following the

Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...

and leading up to

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

.Fiederer, Luke. (December 11, 2016)
"AD Classics: Trylon and Perisphere / Harrison and Fouilhoux"
''ArchDaily''. Accessed April 23, 2020.Sheidlower, Noah. (April 30, 2020)
"81 Years Ago, FDR Opened the 1939 World's Fair in Queens"
''Untapped New York''. Accessed April 23, 2020. In 1934, the fair's intended theme was to honor the 150th anniversary of the inauguration of

George Washington George Washington (, 1799) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot (American Revoluti ...

, however the more abstract, forward-thinking theme "Building the World of Tomorrow" won out by 1936. The theme and, in turn, design concept therefore prioritized a "utopian aura" that would employ "a structure of ephemeral lines" according to ''The New York Times''.New York World's Fair 1939 Inc. (1938). New York World's Fair Bulletin (Vol. 2). Built in

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park Flushing Meadows–Corona Park (often referred to as Flushing Meadows Park or simply Flushing Meadows or Corona Park) is a public park in the northern part of Queens in New York City, New York, U.S. It is bounded by Interstate 678 (New York), ...

, a former dump site in

Queens Queens is the largest by area of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Queens County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. Located near the western end of Long Island, it is bordered by the ...

, the Fair used over 1,200 acres to imagine the future through a lens of innovation, consumerism, and commercialization. The exhibitions and recreational space were made possible through relationships with 60 countries and 121 New York organizations. According to the book ''Trylon and Perisphere'', "Its goal was to display to the world its organizers' boundless belief in American business and industry, in peace and freedom, and in the potential of average Americans to rise above their difficulties." Fouilhoux's greatest influence was on the central figures of the Fair—the

, respectively a large triangular pyramid and the largest sphere ever constructed.Saraniero, Nicole. (July 18, 2018)
"10 Facts About the Lost Giant Trylon and Perisphere from the 1939 World's Fair"
''Untapped New York''. Accessed April 23, 2020. Imposing white masses of the "finite and infinite"—sometimes called the "spike and sphere" or "ball and bat"—they aptly represented futurism based on modernist principles that envisioned extreme abstractions achievable through new technologies. The Trylon and Perisphere represented impressive feats of engineering, requiring 2,000 cubic yards of concrete, over 7,000 individual pieces, and adding up to a combined weight of approximately 10,000 tons. The Trylon was 610 feet high and the perisphere was 180 feet in diameter and 18 stories high. Inside the Perisphere, accessible via what were the largest escalators in the world, was "Democracity"—the central exhibit of the fair and vision of America's future in 2039.Rothstein, Edward. (December 6, 2012)

''The New York Times''. Accessed April 23, 2020. Technological achievements were central to the Fair theme and to Harrison and Fouilhoux's designs, evidenced in the engineering of the Trylon and Perisphere as well as the emphasis on electrification seen in the Consolidated Edison and Electric Utility building exhibitions. The Fair embodied an imposing physicality and ambitious futuristic vision and welcomed almost 50 million visitors during the two seasons it was open.''Archinect''. (n.d.).
Surveying the U.S. World's Fair Pavilions".
Accessed March 28, 2020. Despite these achievements, it did not live up to attendance or financial revenue goals. Still, it was "by no means a flop… it literally and figuratively replaced ashes with promise... On a practical level, it offered a preview of the tools needed to rebuild the world after the war." With the advent of World War II, architectural opportunities and priorities moved away from imposing skyline-defining monuments.''New York Times''. (May 7, 1942)

''The New York Times'', p. 35. Accessed August 18, 2020. In 1941, Fouilhoux joined the firm Harrison, Fouilhoux & Abramovitz and completed the Crotona Toll House for the

Bronx Zoo The Bronx Zoo (also historically the Bronx Zoological Park and the Bronx Zoological Gardens) is a zoo within Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City. It is one of the largest zoos in the United States by area and the largest Metropolis, metropol ...

and worked on military bases at

Coco Solo Coco Solo was a United States Navy submarine base and naval air station near the Panama Canal, active from 1918 to the 1960s. History The submarine base at Coco Solo was established May 6, 1918. The site corresponds with modern-day Cativá i ...

and Balboa, Canal Zone.Jennings, Allyn R. (October 1941)
"Flora for Fauna: Fitting the Landscape to the Animals in the Bronx Zoo"
''Landscape Architecture Magazine.'' Accessed March 28, 2020.Embury, Aymar. (n.d.)

Syracuse University. Accessed April 27, 2020. He then worked on the Clinton Hill Housing Development, also called the Clinton Hill Co-ops—good-quality affordable housing for workers and officers of the nearby

Brooklyn Navy Yard The Brooklyn Navy Yard (originally known as the New York Navy Yard) is a shipyard and industrial complex in northwest Brooklyn in New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S. The Navy Yard is located on the East River in Wallabout Bay, a se ...

.'' The Brooklyn Daily Eagle''. (January 26, 1942)
"1,200 Defense Families to Live at Clinton Hill"
Accessed April 23, 2020. While some community members lamented the demolition of the 19th century mansions that were removed to make way for the development, the Clinton Hill Co-ops played a significant role in stabilizing the neighborhood with middle-class housing during the war.Spellen, Suzanne. (April 4, 2012)
"Building of the Day: 345-373 Clinton Avenue"
''Brownstoner''. Accessed August 18, 2020. The Clinton Hill Co-ops would be Fouilhoux's final contribution to the architecture of New York City. He fell to his death on June 20, 1945, while conducting an inspection of the Clinton Hill Co-ops roof and upper floors.

Legacy

Tribune Tower and Rockefeller Center are Fouilhoux's most enduring feats of engineering and architectural design and continue to be tourist destinations, as well as culturally notable in academic circles. Though the Trylon and Perisphere of the 1939 World's Fair were dismantled for the war effort, they "earned an enduring legacy as one of the world's greatest symbols of hope for the future." Books, postage stamps, figurines, postcards, and many more paraphernalia immortalized the imagery of Fouilhoux's spike and sphere. Other significant buildings that Fouilhoux worked on include the

American Radiator Building The American Radiator Building (also known as the American Standard Building) is an early skyscraper at 40 West 40th Street, just south of Bryant Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, New York, U.S. It was designed by R ...

and McGraw-Hill Building in Manhattan, and the Masonic Temple (now the

Scranton Cultural Center The Scranton Cultural Center at the Masonic Temple (formerly the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral) is a theatre and cultural center in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Cultural Center's mission statement is "to rejuvenate a national archite ...

).Gray, Christopher. (February 20, 1994)
"Streetscapes/The American Radiator Building; A 1924 Precursor of Art Deco"
''The New York Times''. Accessed August 18, 2020American Radiator Building
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 12, 1974. Accessed April 23, 2020.McGraw Hill Building
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 11, 1979. Accessed April 23, 2020.Emanuel, Muriel. (2016)
''Contemporary Architects''
New York: St. James Press. Accessed August 18, 2020 Citations and professional connections * Fellow of the

American Institute of Architects The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is a professional organization for architects in the United States. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. AIA offers education, government advocacy, community redevelopment, and public outreach progr ...

(AIA) awarded May 26, 1943 * Citation from the New York Chapter of AIA on February 14, 1945 * First prize, New York Chapter of AIA competition for the design of small, affordable dwelling for families, 1935''The New York Times''. (July 10, 1935)
"Plan for a $3,000 Cellarless Home Wins Award for Low-Cost Design; J. Andre Fouilhoux Is Victor in Contest for Dwelling for Average Family "
''The New York Times'', p. 23. Accessed August 18, 2020. * President of New York Building Congress, elected 1942, 1945''The New York Times''. (April 27, 1945)

''The New York Times'', p. 31. Accessed August 18, 2020. * Member of the

American Society of Civil Engineers The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a tax-exempt professional body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is the oldest national engineering soci ...

* Member of the

Architectural League of New York The Architectural League of New York is a non-profit organization "for creative and intellectual work in architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construct ...

* Chairman of the French Engineers in the United States, Inc. * Treasurer and trustee of the

Beaux-Arts Institute of Design The Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (BAID, later the National Institute for Architectural Education) was an art and architectural school at 304 East 44th Street in Turtle Bay, Manhattan, in New York City.Cooper Union The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, commonly known as Cooper Union, is a private college on Cooper Square in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Peter Cooper founded the institution in 1859 after learning about the government-s ...

Art School''The New York Times''. (October 16, 1940)
"Architect Named Adviser On Art at Cooper Union"
''The New York Times'', p.15. Accessed August 18, 2020. * Visiting Critic at the

Columbia School of Architecture The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) is the architecture school of Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. It is also home to the Masters of Science program in Advanced Architectur ...

* Member of visiting committee of the School of Architecture of

Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of moder ...

* President of the American Relief for France, Inc.''The New York Times''. (June 16, 1945)
"Clothing Is Sought for Freed French"
''The New York Times'', p. 10. Accessed August 18, 2020. * Vice President and trustee of the French Hospital and French Benevolent Society * Board of Trustees of St. Vincent de Paul Institute * Member of the Commerce and Industry Association of New York * The University Club * The Catholic Club * President of the Liturgical Arts Society

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fouilhoux, J. Andre 1879 births 1945 deaths Accidental deaths from falls Architects from Oregon Fellows of the American Institute of Architects French civil engineers Architects from Paris French emigrants to the United States University of Paris alumni