East Franconian
East Franconian ( ), usually referred to as Franconian (' ) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, ...
dialect, which is spoken in the eponymous Itz Valley (German: ''Itzgrund'') and its tributaries of Grümpen, Effelder, Röthen/Röden, Lauter,
Füllbach
Füllbach is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It flows into the Itz in Niederfüllbach.
See also
*List of rivers of Bavaria
A list of rivers of Bavaria, Germany:
A
* Aalbach
* Abens
* Ach
* Afferbach
* Affinger Bach
* Ailsbach
* Aisch
* Aiterach ...
and Rodach, the valleys of the Neubrunn, Biber and the upper
Werra
The Werra (), a river in central Germany, is the right-bank headwater of the Weser. "Weser" is a synonym in an old dialect of German. The Werra has its source near Eisfeld in southern Thuringia. After the Werra joins the river Fulda in the to ...
and in the valley of Steinach. In the small language area, which extends from the Itzgrund in
Upper Franconia
Upper Franconia (, ) is a (administrative 'Regierungs''region 'bezirk'' of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia, wh ...
East Franconian
East Franconian ( ), usually referred to as Franconian (' ) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, ...
still exists in the original form. Because of the remoteness of the area, this isolated by the end of the 19th century and later during the division of Germany, this language has kept many linguistic features to this day. Scientific study of the Itzgründisch dialect was made for the first time, in the middle of the 19th century, by the linguist
August Schleicher
August Schleicher (; 19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist. Schleicher studied the Proto-Indo-European language and devised theories concerning historical linguistics. His great work was ''A Compendium of the Comparative Gr ...
.
Geographical Distribution
The zone of the Itzgründisch dialect includes south of the
Rennsteig
The () is a ridge walk as well as a historical boundary path in the Thuringian Forest, Thuringian Highland and Franconian Forest in Central Germany. The long-distance trail runs for about from and the valley in the northwest to and the ...
ridge in the district of
Sonneberg
Sonneberg () in Thuringia, Germany, is the seat of the Sonneberg district. It is in the Franconian south of Thuringia, neighboring its Upper Franconian twin town Neustadt bei Coburg.
Sonneberg became known as the "world toy city", and is home ...
, the eastern part of the district of
Hildburghausen
Hildburghausen () is a town in Thuringia in central Germany, capital of the Hildburghausen district.
Geography
It is situated in the Franconian part of Thuringia south of the Thuringian Forest, in the valley of the Werra River. The town centre ...
, the city and district of
Coburg
Coburg ( , ) is a Town#Germany, town located on the Itz (river), Itz river in the Upper Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany. Long part of one of the Thuringian states of the Ernestine duchies, Wettin line, it joined Bavaria by popular vote only ...
(the “Coburger Land”) and the northwestern part of the district of Lichtenfels.
In the west side of the dialect zone, the “''Südhennebergische Staffelung''” outh Henneberger Gradation, a linguistic term which runs through the district of Hildburghausen, separates Itzgründisch from Hennebergisch. It extends south of the city of Hildburghausen and continues along the zone's borders to Grabfeldisch (
East Franconian
East Franconian ( ), usually referred to as Franconian (' ) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, ...
) or further south to
Lower Franconian
In historical and comparative linguistics, Low Franconian is a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties closely related to, and including, the Dutch language. Most dialects and language ...
, which is also spoken in
Seßlach
Seßlach () is a town in the district of Coburg, in northern Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 12 km southwest of Coburg and has a population close to 4,000.
Seßlach is notable for its largely intact medieval town wall and overall historic a ...
in the western part of the district of Coburg. South of the district of Coburg, Itzgründisch is mixed with the dialect of
Bamberg
Bamberg (, , ; East Franconian German, East Franconian: ''Bambärch'') is a town in Upper Franconia district in Bavaria, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main (river), Main. Bamberg had 79,000 inhabitants in ...
. East of the Sonneberger (except
Heinersdorf
Heinersdorf () is a locality in the boroughs of Berlin, borough of Pankow in Berlin, Germany. It is located close to the Pankow (locality), centre of Pankow.
History
Heinersdorf was first mentioned in a 1319 document when it was sold by Waldema ...
, which is already in the zone of the
Upper Franconian
High Franconian or Upper Franconian () is a part of High German consisting of East Franconian and South Franconian.Noble, Cecil A. M. (1983). ''Modern German Dialects.'' New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, Peter Lang, p. 119. It is spoke ...
dialect) and Coburger lands and east of Michelau in the district of Lichtenfels, the Itzgründisch-speaking area is bordered by its Upper Franconian counterpart.
Directly in the course of the Rennsteig over the crest of the Thuringian Highlands, there exists a narrow transition zone to the
Thuringian
Thuringian is an East Central German dialect group spoken in much of the modern German Free State of Thuringia north of the Rennsteig ridge, southwestern Saxony-Anhalt and adjacent territories of Hesse and Bavaria. It is close to Upper Saxon s ...
dialect, which consists the more modern dialects, largely influenced by East Franconian, of the places around
Sachsenbrunn
Sachsenbrunn is a village and a former municipality in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It includes the community of Stelzen. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Eisfeld.
Culture
A notable cultural item in the vill ...
and
Lauscha
Lauscha is a town in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 13 km north of Sonneberg, and 24 km southwest of Saalfeld. Lauscha is known for its glassblowing, especially for Christmas tree decorations like ba ...
, which use the Itzgründisch vocabulary.
The zone of the Itzgründisch dialect area was originally the territories of the historic rulers, the Pflege Coburg and the Benedictine
Banz Abbey
Banz Abbey (), now known as Banz Castle (), is a former Benedictine monastery, since 1978 a part of the town of Bad Staffelstein north of Bamberg, Bavaria, southern Germany.
History
The abbey was founded in about 1070 by Countess Alberada o ...
.
Speakers
On 31 December 2010, in the dialect zone of Itzgründisch, 41,076 speakers were living in the town of Coburg while 84,129 were residing in the district of Coburg, with 40,745 more in the district of Hildburghausen; 22,791 in the district of Lichtenfels; and (minus the estimated number of non-Itzgründisch-speakers) about 50,000 inhabitants in the district of Sonneberg. In the town of Lichtenfels, which lies on the south bank of the
Main River
The Main () is the longest tributary of the Rhine, one of the major European rivers. It rises as the White Main in the Fichtel Mountains of northeastern Bavaria and flows west through central Germany for to meet the Rhine below Rüsselsheim, ...
, where its dialect has historically been mixed with the dialects of Bamberg and the Itz Valley, 20,555 residents were counted. While respective variants of Itzgründisch are spoken in the rural villages throughout the area, the proportion of non-Itzgründisch-speaking residents is much greater in the cities. A conservative estimate puts the number of the native speakers of Itzgründisch at about 225,000 speakers.
The local dialects dominate in the transitional zone at the Rennsteig, where they are spoken by most of the approximately 13,000 inhabitants in everyday life, except in the town of
Neuhaus am Rennweg
Neuhaus am Rennweg is a town in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated in the Thuringian Forest, 17 km north of Sonneberg, and 22 km southwest of Saalfeld. The former municipalities Lichte
image:Wallendorfe ...
.
Features
The grammar of Itzgründisch basically follows the rules of the
East Franconian
East Franconian ( ), usually referred to as Franconian (' ) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, ...
dialect. The uniqueness of Itzgründisch compared with other German dialects is in increasingly obsolete forms and
diphthongs
A diphthong ( ), also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of ...
of
Middle High German
Middle High German (MHG; or ; , shortened as ''Mhdt.'' or ''Mhd.'') is the term for the form of High German, High German language, German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High ...
that are common in everyday speech.
* Around Sonneberg and Neustadt bei Coburg the diphthongs iä, ue and üä are used, for example: ''nicht'' ot= , ''Beet'' ed= , ''Ofen''
ven
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It comprises an area of , and its popul ...
= , ''Vögel'' irds= . The pronunciation of the double consonant, ''-rg'' is changed to ''-ch'' if it follows the vowel, for example: Sonneberg = , ''ärgern'' o anger= and ''morgen'' orning= . Other diphthongs exist in the following words, for example: ''Brot''
read
Read or READ may refer to:
Computing
* Read (computer), to retrieve data from a storage device
* Read (system call), a low-level IO function on a file descriptor in a computer
* Read (Unix), a command in Unix operating systems
Places
* Read, L ...
= “''Bruad''”, ''Hosen''
ants
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of ...
= “''Huasn''”, ''Hasen''
ares
Ares (; , ''Árēs'' ) is the List of Greek deities, Greek god of war god, war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for ...
= “''Housn''”, ''heißen'' o be called= “''heaßn''” or ''schön'' eautiful= “''schööä''”.
*
* Sentences are often formed with auxiliary verbs such as ''mögen'' o like ''wollen'' o want or wish ''machen'' o make ''tun'' o door ''können'' o be ableand with the past participle. (''Das Kind schreit.'' he child cries. = “''Des Kindla dud schrein.''” or “''Des Kindla ka fei g´schrei.''”)
*
* The past participle is almost always used to construct the sentence with the auxiliary verbs ''sein''
o be
O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''o'' (pronounced ), ...
or ''haben''
o have
O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''o'' (pronounced ), p ...
Example: ''Da gingen wir hinein/Da sind wir hineingegangen.'' s we walked inside / As we went inside= “''Dou sä´me neig´anga.''” In the north side of the dialect zone, however, the differences in the changes of grammatical tenses and verbs are more noticeable. They are known in the Thuringian places such as
Judenbach
Judenbach is a village and a former municipality in the Sonneberg district of Thuringia, Germany. It was merged into the new municipality Föritztal together with Föritz and Neuhaus-Schierschnitz on 6 July 2018.Bockstadt as the past tenses of certain verbs, which are already expressed in the North German dialects as the
preterite
The preterite or preterit ( ; abbreviated or ) is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past; in some languages, such as Spanish, French, and English, it is equivalent to the simple p ...
s, which are virtually unknown in East Franconian. In Sachsenbrunn and Lauscha, which lay near the Rennsteig outside the Itzgründisch dialect zone, more than three-quarters of the verbs are already used in the past tense.
*
* Wherever the speech is uninhibited in the dialect, sentences are constructed with double negatives, for example: ''“Wenn da kää Gald niä host, kaas da de fei nex gekeaf.”'' (''Wenn du kein Geld (nicht) hast, kannst du dir nichts kaufen.'') f you don't have no money, you can't buy nothing.or “''Doumit kaast da kä Eä niä eigelech.''” (''Damit kannst du kein Ei (nicht) einlegen.'') ith that, you can't load no eggs.*
* As they are in Main Franconian, the modal particle ''fei'' and the diminutives ''-lein'' and ''-la'' (locally, also ''-le'') are used very much and often.
*
(Note: Because Itzgründisch does not have the standard written form, the text is different in approximately "normal" letters with each different author. For this reason, the
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation ...
(IPA) is waived for the exact wording of the Itzgründisch words and phrases in this article.)
Numbers in the Sonneberger Dialect
But the numbers are different in time (in the mornings as well as the afternoons), as follows:
Example: ''Es ist um Ein Uhr.'' (It is one o’clock) = ''Es is in Easa.'' (The “i” is “swallowed” so much that it is only partially audible.)
Weekdays in the Sonneberger Dialect
Variations Between Itzgründisch and Upper Franconian
Itzgründisch has a diversity of local variations. For example, while a girl would be called ''Mädchen'' in proper German, she would be called ''Mädle'' in Haselbach, "Mädla" in the neighboring Steinach and "Meadla" in Sonneberg. The differences are even more pronounced in Upper Franconian, which is also spoken in Heinersdorf in the district of Sonneberg.
August Schleicher
August Schleicher (; 19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist. Schleicher studied the Proto-Indo-European language and devised theories concerning historical linguistics. His great work was ''A Compendium of the Comparative Gr ...
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
The university was established in 1558 and is c ...