Italian Ministry Of Defence
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The Ministry of Defence (, or MDD) is the government body of the
Italian Republic Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
responsible for military and civil defence matters and managing the
Italian Armed Forces The Italian Armed Forces (, ) encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force. A fourth Military branch, branch of the armed forces, known as the Carabinieri, take on the role as the nation's Gendarmerie, military police an ...
. It is led by the
Italian Minister of Defence The minister of defence () is a senior member of the Italian Cabinet who leads the Ministry of Defence. The minister is responsible for military and civil defence matters and managing the Italian Armed Forces. The first minister of war was Man ...
, a position occupied by
Guido Crosetto Guido Crosetto (born 19 September 1963) is an Italian businessman and politician who has served as Minister of Defence since 22 October 2022 in the government of Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni. Formerly a Christian-democrat, he served as an under ...
since October 2022. The Ministry of Defence was created in 1947 by the merger of the
Ministry of War Ministry of War may refer to: * Ministry of War (imperial China) ( 600–1912) * Chinese Republic Ministry of War (1912–1946) * Ministry of War (Kingdom of Bavaria) (1808–1919) * Ministry of War (Brazil) (1815–1999) * Ministry of War (Esto ...
, Ministry of the Navy, and
Ministry of Aeronautics The Ministry of the Air Force () was a department of the Kingdom of Italy, and subsequently of the Italian Republic, with jurisdiction over both military and civil aviation. Established in 1925, it was abolished in 1947 when it merged with the ...
under the
De Gasperi III Cabinet The third De Gasperi government held office in the Italian Republic from 2 February 1947 until 31 May 1947, a total of 119 days, or 3 months and 30 days. Government parties The government was composed by the following parties: Party breakdown ...
. The first Minister of Defence was
Luigi Gasparotto Luigi Gasparotto (31 May 1873 – 29 June 1954) was an Italian lawyer and politician. He served several times as a government minister and was one of the founders of the Labour Democratic Party. He was also president of Fiera Milano. Biograp ...
.


History

The precursors of the Ministry of Defence were the
Ministry of War Ministry of War may refer to: * Ministry of War (imperial China) ( 600–1912) * Chinese Republic Ministry of War (1912–1946) * Ministry of War (Kingdom of Bavaria) (1808–1919) * Ministry of War (Brazil) (1815–1999) * Ministry of War (Esto ...
and the Ministry of the Navy, among the first ministries created in the
Kingdom of Sardinia The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a State (polity), country in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century, and from 1297 to 1768 for the Corsican part of ...
. With the
Italian unification The unification of Italy ( ), also known as the Risorgimento (; ), was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 ended in the annexation of various states of the Italian peninsula and its outlying isles to the Kingdom of ...
, during the
Cavour IV Cabinet The Cavour IV government was the first cabinet of the Kingdom of Italy. It held office from 23 March until 12 June 1861, a total of 81 days, or 2 months and 20 days. History In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared the Kingdom of Italy, making Cavou ...
, the division of the two ministries remained, similar to other European government bodies. On 30 August 1925 the
Mussolini Cabinet The Mussolini government was the longest-lasting government in the history of Italy. The Cabinet administered the country from 31 October 1922 to 25 July 1943, for a total of 7,572 days, or 20 years, 8 months and 25 days. On taking office, the ...
established the
Ministry of Aeronautics The Ministry of the Air Force () was a department of the Kingdom of Italy, and subsequently of the Italian Republic, with jurisdiction over both military and civil aviation. Established in 1925, it was abolished in 1947 when it merged with the ...
as a third ministry with a military role; it oversaw both the ''
Regia Aeronautica The Royal Italian Air Force (''Regia Aeronautica Italiana'') (RAI) was the air force of the Kingdom of Italy. It was established as a service independent of the Regio Esercito, Royal Italian Army from 1923 until 1946. In 1946, the monarchy was ...
'' ("Royal Air Force") and
civil aviation Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military and non-state aviation, which can be both private and commercial. Most countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization and ...
. In Mussolini's
Italian Social Republic The Italian Social Republic (, ; RSI; , ), known prior to December 1943 as the National Republican State of Italy (; SNRI), but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò (, ), was a List of World War II puppet states#Germany, German puppe ...
of 1943–1945, a Ministry of National Defence was created, but was abolished along with the rest of the Italian Social Republic upon the cessation of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
and the
Italian Civil War The Italian Civil War (, ) was a civil war in the Kingdom of Italy fought during the Liberation of Italy, Italian campaign of World War II between Italian fascists and Italian resistance movement, Italian partisans (mostly politically organized ...
in 1945. The Ministries of War, the Navy, and Aeronautics came under the control of the
Italian Republic Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
when it replaced the Kingdom of Italy in June 1946. The Decree of the Temporary Head of State n. 17 of 4 February 1947,Abrogated according to th
legislative decree n. 66 of 15 March 2010
issued during the De Gasperi III Cabinet, established the merger of the Ministries of War, Navy, and Aeronautics — which, autonomously and with their own regulations, had presided over matters of military defence until then — into the unified Ministry of Defence. Upon its creation, the Ministry of Defence inherited oversight of civil aviation from the Ministry of Aeronautics, but the Italian Republic transferred the responsibilities for civil aviation to the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation () in 1963. The provisions which led to the actual unification of the Ministry were law n. 1862 of 12 December 1962 and law n. 1058 of 2 October 1964, with which that delegation was renewed and extended by civil personnel in order to conform to needs derived from the organization of central and peripheral services offices, as well as of factories and military arsenals.


Task and functions

The Minister has the task of overseeing the coordination of Italian defence and he/she is charged with reporting to the
Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
on any military implications for Italy, the redistribution of
military expenditure A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes. Financing militari ...
and the implementation of national defensive programmes. This activity has to be coordinated with those of the
President of the Italian Republic The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (), is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The presid ...
, who presides over the Supreme Council of Defence and commands the Italian Armed Forces. The Minister of Defence, in relation to military magistrates and the Council of Military Judiciary, has the same function of the
Italian Minister of Justice This is a list of the Italian ministers of justice since 1946. The minister of justice is a senior member of the Council of Ministers (Italy), Italian Cabinet and leads the Ministry of Justice (Italy), Ministry of Justice. The first Italian min ...
within the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM). The Minister is also the chancellor and treasurer of the
Military Order of Italy The Military Order of Italy () is the highest military order of the Italian Republic and the former Kingdom of Italy. It was founded as the Military Order of Savoy, a national order by the King of Sardinia, Vittorio Emanuele I, Duke of Savoy in ...
.


Organization

The Ministry of Defence was re-organized with the Decree of the President of Republic n. 145 of 3 August 2009 in offices in direct collaboration with the Minister, 9 general directions for the technical-administrative field and commands for the technical-operative field. The structure of the General Secretariat, general directions and central offices of the Ministry of Defence is regulated by the Ministerial decree of 16 January 2013.


Cabinet office

The cabinet office of the Ministry is formed as follows: * Secretary of the Minister; * Cabinet office of the Minister; * Legislative office of the Minister; * Office of military policy of the Minister; * Office of diplomatic advisor of the Minister; * Internal control service of the Ministry of Defence; * Public information service of the Minister; * Secretaries of State undersecretaries; * Spokesperson of the Minister; * Legal advisor to the Minister; * Political advisor to the Minister.


Technical-administrative area

The technical-administrative area is organized in four general directions and five technical directions: * General Direction for Military Personnel (telegraphic abbreviation: PERSOMIL); * General Direction for Civil Personnel (PERSOCIV); * General Direction of Military Social Security and Conscription (PREVIMIL); * General Direction of Commissariat and General Services (COMMISERVIZI); * Field Weaponry Direction (TERRARM); * Naval Weaponry Direction (NAVARM); * Air Force Weaponry Direction (ARMAEREO); * IT, Telematic and Advanced Technologies Direction (TELEDIFE); * Direction of Works and State Property (GENIODIFE); This field reports directly to the General Secretary and National Director of Weaponry, who in turn report to the Defence Chief of Staff only for technical-operative aspects.


Technical-operative Area

The operative-military structure of the Ministry is organized as follows: * Chief of Defence General Staff (CSMD); * Italian Joint Operations Headquarters (JOHQ - COI); * Centre for Defence Higher Studies (CASD); * Joint Special Forces Operations Headquarters (COFS); * Interforce military entities: ** Italian Joint Air Operations School ** Joint School of CBRN Defence ** Armed Forces Institute of Telecommunications The Defence General Staff (''Stato maggiore della Difesa'') report directly to the Minister, with the Chief of Defence at the top who controls the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces and, limited to the technical-operative attributions, the General Secretary of Defence. The Chief of Defence is responsible for the planning, predisposition and use of armed forces in their entirety, and for these activities he is supported by a Staff and a Command of Joint Operations (COI).


Consultative bodies and personnel

The consultative and support bodies of the Minister of Defence are the following: * Central Office of Budget and Financial Affairs (BILANDIFE); * Central Office for Administrative Inspections (ISPEDIFE); * General Commissariat for Honours to the Fallen of War (ONORCADUTI), articulated in territory with seven directions: ** Direction of
Asiago War Memorial The Asiago War Memorial is a World War I memorial located in the town of Asiago in the Province of Vicenza in the Veneto region of northeast Italy. Surrounded by mountains that were the site of several World War I battles, the monument houses th ...
( Trentino-Alto Adige and West
Veneto Veneto, officially the Region of Veneto, is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the Northeast Italy, north-east of the country. It is the fourth most populous region in Italy, with a population of 4,851,851 as of 2025. Venice is t ...
) ** Direction of Mount Grappa War Memorial (East Veneto) ** Direction of
Redipuglia War Memorial The Redipuglia War Memorial () is a World War I memorial located on the Karst Plateau near the village of Fogliano Redipuglia, in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeastern Italy. It is the largest war memorial in Italy and one of the larg ...
(
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Friuli-Venezia Giulia () is one of the 20 regions of Italy and one of five autonomous regions with special statute. The regional capital is Trieste on the Gulf of Trieste, a bay of the Adriatic Sea. Friuli-Venezia Giulia has an area of and a ...
) ** Direction of the War Memorial of Rome-
Fosse Ardeatine The Ardeatine massacre, or Fosse Ardeatine massacre (), was a mass killing of 335 civilians and political prisoners carried out in Rome on 24 March 1944 by German occupation troops during the Second World War as a reprisal for the Via Rasella ...
** Direction of Mignano-Montelungo War Memorial ** Direction of War Memorial of the Fallen Overseas in
Bari Bari ( ; ; ; ) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia Regions of Italy, region, on the Adriatic Sea in southern Italy. It is the first most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy. It is a port and ...
(
Southern Italy Southern Italy (, , or , ; ; ), also known as () or (; ; ; ), is a macroregion of Italy consisting of its southern Regions of Italy, regions. The term "" today mostly refers to the regions that are associated with the people, lands or cultu ...
) ** Direction of El Alamein Italian War Memorial *
Military Ordinariate of Italy The Military Ordinariate in Italy () is a Latin Church military ordinariate of the Catholic Church in Italy. It provides pastoral care to Catholics serving in the Italian Armed Forces and their families. The ordinariate is immediately exempt to ...
.


Chief of Defence General Staff

The Italian Chief of Defence General Staff is appointed with a decree of the President of the Republic, on proposal by the Minister of Defence. He must be an officer of the Navy, Army, or Air Force with the rank of '' ammiraglio di squadra, generale di corpo d'armata'', '' or'' ''
generale di squadra aerea Air squadron general is a general officer rank in the Italian Air Force and formerly of the Royal Romanian Air Force. Italy equivalent to that of air marshal in the Royal Air Force. Kingdom of Romania was a rank that was used by the Roy ...
'' in standing service. He reports directly to the Minister of Defence, for whom he is also the higher technical-military advisor and to whom he responds regarding the actuation of directives received. The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, reunited in the committee of Chiefs of Staff, is hierarchically subordinate to the CSMD, who also joins the Supreme Council of Defence and he is replaced by the oldest in office among the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces.


General Secretary and National Director of Weaponry

The General Secretary of Defence is also the National Director of Weaponry, to whom the National Direction of Weaponry (within the General Secretariat of Defence) is subordinated. This charge was established in 1965 and it has been altered several times. During the 1990s, law n. 25 of 1997 made it more agile, efficient and appropriate for modern needs. The General Secretary directly reports to the Minister of Defence regarding administrative competences and to the CSMD for technical-operative ones. He also controls the 9 general directions of the Ministry. The main tasks of the General Secretary of Defence are related to the actuation of directives issued by the Minister in the field of higher administration, to the operation of technical-administrative field of defence, to the promotion and coordination of technological research relative to weaponry materials. The General Secretary manages the supplying of means, materials and weapon systems for the Armed Forces, support to the Italian defence industry and direct/indirect offsets.


Centre for Defence Higher Studies

The ''Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa'' ("Centre for Defence Higher Studies", CASD) is the highest organization of studies and training in the field of security and defence. The purpose of CASD is to improve the knowledge and skills of higher officials and civil defence officers, refine professional training and cultural formation of officers among interforces, and to work on studies regarding the organization of national defence and military preparation. The president of the CASD is responsible for the higher studies in the field of security and defence, as well as for the training of the relative managers. He is assisted by a Staff for general support and the coordination of activities common to four independent bodies of CASD: ''Istituto alti studi per la difesa'' ("Italian Defence Higher Studies Institute", IASD), ''Istituto superiore di stato maggiore interforze'' ("Joint Services Staff College", ISSMI), ''Centro militare di studi strategici'' ("Military Centre for Strategic Studies", CeMiSS) and ''Centro per la Formazione Logistica Interforze'' ("Joint Logistics Education Centre", Ce. FLI). The president is directly subordinate to the Chief of Staff and is assisted by a Directive Council he presides over, formed by IASD military and civilian Adjuvant Directors, the ISSMI Director, the CeMiSS Director acting as secretary, the CeFLI Direction and the Chief of Defence. The Directive Council examines and expresses its opinions on study programmes of the two formation institutes, on activities of sessions and courses, on the evaluation system of Attending Officers and on all the organizational and functional aspects of CASD, aimed at increasing the maximum level of synergy in the use of the available human, material and financial resources.


Military Justice

According to the
Italian Constitution The Constitution of the Italian Republic () was ratified on 22 December 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against, before coming into force on 1 January 1948, one century after the previous Constitution of the Ki ...
, military courts have the jurisdiction established by law during wartime, while they only rule on military crimes committed by members of the Armed Forces. The relationship between the Minister of Defence, military magistrates and the Council of Military Judiciary is similar to the one between the Minister of Justice, High Council of the Judiciary and ordinary magistrates. Disciplinary proceedings involving the military magistrates are regulated by the laws for ordinary magistrates. The military general prosecutor at the
Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case; they only interpret the relevant law. In this, they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In ...
exercises the function of the Public Minister and does not take part in deliberations. Council of Military Judiciary The ''Consiglio della magistratura militare'' ("Council of Military Judiciary", CMM) is an autonomous body with competences specular to the ordinary ones of the CSM. It was established with law n. 561 of 30 December 1988 and it covers assumptions, assignations, transfers, promotions, disciplinary proceedings and every aspect involving the juridical status of military magistrates. The CMM is also responsible for the provision of extrajudicial charges and it is competent on every other subject according to law.


Overseen entities and controlled companies

According to the law, the Ministry oversees various public and private entities, as follows:


Public entities

The public entities overseen and funded by the Ministry are: * Agenzia industrie difesa, which manages the productive assets of defence; * Cassa di previdenza delle forze armate, a social security entity for militars; * Opera nazionale dei figli degli aviatori (ONFA), for the assistance to sons and orphans of members of the Air Force; *
Italian Red Cross The Italian Red Cross (IRC, or ''CRI'') is the Italian national Red Cross society. The Italian Red Cross was one of the original founding members of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1919. History Early history The present-day I ...
(CRI), for the training of personnel and acquisition of materials needed in order to ensure the organization of the CRI Military Voluntary Corps and Voluntary Nurses Corps of the Armed Forces; * Lega navale italiana (LNI), for the assistance to members of the navy; *
Aero Club d'Italia Aero is a Greek prefix relating to flight and air. In British English, it is used as an adjective related to flight (e.g., as a shortened substitute for aeroplane). Aero, Ærø, or Aeros may refer to: Aeronautics Airlines and companies * Aero (A ...
(AECI), for the promotion and divulgation of the culture of flight and aviation in Italy. It is affiliated to
CONI Coni may refer to: *Cuneo, Italy *Coni, Azerbaijan *Italian National Olympic Committee The Italian National Olympic Committee (, CONI), founded in 1914 and a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), is responsible for the develop ...
and overseen also by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Presidency of the Council of Ministers and by the
Ministry of the Interior An interior ministry or ministry of the interior (also called ministry of home affairs or ministry of internal affairs) is a government department that is responsible for domestic policy, public security and law enforcement. In some states, the ...
. * Unione italiana tiro a segno (UITS), an entity which promotes
shooting sports Shooting sports is a group of competitive sport, competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision and speed in shooting — the art of using ranged weapons, mainly small arms (firearms and airg ...
and trains the armed personnel serving in public or private organizations;


Entities of Private Law

The entities of private law overseen and funded by the Ministry are: * Unione nazionale ufficiali in congedo in Italia (UNUCI), which provides assistance to retired army officers; * Istituto "Andrea Doria", for the assistance to orphans of navy members; * Opera Nazionale di Assistenza per gli Orfani ed i Militari di Carriera dell’Esercito, a moral entity which provides assistance to orphans of Officers, Petty officers,
NCOs A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted leader, petty officer, or in some cases warrant officer, who does not hold a commission. Non-commissioned officers usually earn their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted rank ...
and soldiers with at least one year of seniority service and the oblation paid, who died in military service or are in a state of quiescence.


Shareholdings

* Difesa Servizi S.p.A. (100%), in-house company founded in 2010 in order to manage assets and services derived from the economic activities of the Ministry.


Palaces of Armed Forces

File:MinisteroAeronautica.jpg, ''Palazzo dell'Aeronautica'', headquarters of Military Air Force Staff. File:Palazzo Esercito (Roma).jpg, ''Palazzo Esercito'', headquarters of Army Staff and, since 2017, of the Defence Staff. File:Ministero Difesa - Palazzo Marina.jpeg, ''Palazzo Marina'', Naval Staff headquarters.


See also

*
Government of Italy The government of Italy is that of a democratic republic, established by the Italian constitution in 1948. It consists of Legislature, legislative, Executive (government), executive, and Judiciary, judicial subdivisions, as well as of a head of ...
*
Italian Armed Forces The Italian Armed Forces (, ) encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force. A fourth Military branch, branch of the armed forces, known as the Carabinieri, take on the role as the nation's Gendarmerie, military police an ...
*
Italian Minister of Defence The minister of defence () is a senior member of the Italian Cabinet who leads the Ministry of Defence. The minister is responsible for military and civil defence matters and managing the Italian Armed Forces. The first minister of war was Man ...
*
President of Italy The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (), is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity and guarantees that Politics of Italy, Italian politics comply with the Consti ...


References


Bibliography

*


External links

* , official website * , official English website {{authority control
Defense Defense or defence may refer to: Tactical, martial, and political acts or groups * Defense (military), forces primarily intended for warfare * Civil defense, the organizing of civilians to deal with emergencies or enemy attacks * Defense industr ...
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
Military of Italy 1861 establishments in Italy
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...