The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of two dozen languages in the

Madang Madang (old German name: ''Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen'') is the capital of Madang Province and is a town with a population of 27,420 (in 2005) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. It was first settled by the Germans in the 19th century. Hist ...

stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern

Adelbert Range Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at . The Northern Adelbert languages and Southern Adelbert languages are spoken in the region. Fauna and flora As wit ...

of mountains, vs. the

Southern Adelbert languages The South Adelbert or Southern Adelbert Range languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea, spoken along the tributaries of the Ramu River in the watershed of the Adelbert Range. Languages The languages are as follows. * ...

, another branch of Madang. Malcolm Ross posited a "

linkage Linkage may refer to: * ''Linkage'' (album), by J-pop singer Mami Kawada, released in 2010 *Linkage (graph theory), the maximum min-degree of any of its subgraphs *Linkage (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse * Linkage (hierarchical cluster ...

" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the

Mabuso languages The Mabuso languages are a small family of closely related languages in New Guinea. They were linked with the Rai Coast languages in 1951 by Arthur Capell in his Madang Madang (old German name: ''Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen'') is the capital of ...

, and named this group Croisilles , as the two families bracket

Cape Croisilles Cape Croisilles is a cape in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Cape Croisillesin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2014-09-06; database downloaded 2015-06-22 The Croisilles languages are named after the cape. See also *Croisilles languages T ...

(Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.

Languages

Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a

. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Usher (2020)

Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
(NewGuineaWorld) ;Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait * Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako) *(North) Adelbert Range ** Yamben **Omosan (Omosa River):

Pal Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...

(Abasakur),

Kobol "Kobol's Last Gleaming" is the two-part first-season finale of the reimagined ''Battlestar Galactica'' television series. In the first part, the human fleet discovers the abandoned planet Kobol, the mythical birthplace of humanity, who left here ...

(Koguman) **

Gilagil River The Gilagil River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Gilagil Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) GeoNames (or GeoNames.org) is a user editable geographical database available and accessible through various web services, under a Creative Com ...

(old Isumrud proper) ***

Dimir ''Ravnica'' is a '' Magic: The Gathering'' block that consists of three expert-level expansion sets: ''Ravnica: City of Guilds'' (October 7, 2005), ''Guildpact'' (February 3, 2006), and ''Dissension'' (May 5, 2006). Following in the traditio ...

(Gavak) ***

Brem Brem is traditional fermented food or fermented beverage from Indonesia. There are two types of brem, brem cake (solid) that is usually eaten as snack from Madiun and Wonogiri, and brem beverage (liquid) made of rice wine from Bali and Nusa T ...

(Bunabun), Malas (Manep) **Northwest Adelbert Range (

Mount Pihom Mount is often used as part of the name of specific mountains, e.g. Mount Everest. Mount or Mounts may also refer to: Places * Mount, Cornwall, a village in Warleggan parish, England * Mount, Perranzabuloe, a hamlet in Perranzabuloe parish ...

) ***

Kaukombar River The Kaukomba River (Kaukomba, Kokumba, Kukumba) is a small river of Madang Province in Papua New Guinea. It joins Jabab Creek to form the Toto River, which enters the ocean just east of the village of Asuramba. It is located 600 km from Port Mo ...

Mala Mala may refer to: Comics * Mala (Amazon), an Amazon from Wonder Woman's side of the DC Universe * Mala (Kryptonian), a villain from Superman's corner of the DC Universe Films and television * ''Mala'' (1941 film), a Bollywood drama film * , ...

(Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani),

Maia Maia (; Ancient Greek: Μαῖα; also spelled Maie, ; la, Maia), in ancient Greek religion and mythology, is one of the Pleiades and the mother of Hermes, one of the major Greek gods, by Zeus, the king of Olympus. Family Maia is the daugh ...

(Pila, Saki) ***Kumil–Timper ****

Kumil River The Kumil River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Kumil Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also * List of rivers of Papua New Guinea *Kumil River languages The Northern Adelbert or P ...

: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan), Moere ****

Tiboran River The Timper River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea.Timper Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also * List of rivers of Papua New Guinea *Tiboran River languages / Timper River languages ...

(

Timper River The Timper River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Timper Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also * List of rivers of Papua New Guinea *Tiboran River languages / Timper River language ...

): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon) **Mabulap–Numugen *** '' Amaimon'' (Mabulap) isolate *** Numugen River (see)

Pick (2017)

A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).
video
Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family. ;Northern Adelbert *Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero) **Tibor -n > zero, *a > e *** Mokati (Wanambre) ***(*k- > h, *C- > ��voice Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Hember Avu (Musar) ** Kumil k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero">��voice.html" ;"title="k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice">k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero Bepour, Mauwake, Moere * Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero">Kaukombar languages">Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero

, Miani, Maiani language">Maiani,

*Manep–Barem [*-ŋ > n, *-g > ŋ, *wV > u] **Manep language, Manep (Malas) **Barem language, Barem (Brem) *Gabak language, Gabak (Dimir) *Numugen languages, Numugen (*ŋ > n, 6 languages) *Kowan languages, Amako–Waskia: Waskia, Korak Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

Phonology

Pick reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Croisilles as, with five vowels *a *e *i *o *u.

References

External links