Istro-Rumanian language

The Istro-Romanian language () is an Eastern Romance language, spoken in a few villages and hamlets in the peninsula of Istria in Croatia, as well as in the diaspora of this people. It is sometimes abbreviated to IR.

While its speakers call themselves ''Rumeri'', ''Rumeni'', they are also known as ''Vlachs'', ''Rumunski'', ''Ćići'' and ''Ćiribiri''. The last one, used by ethnic Croats, originated as a disparaging nickname for the language, rather than its speakers.

Due to the fact that its speakers are estimated to be fewer than 500, it is listed among languages that are "severely endangered" in the UNESCO ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''.

It is also considered by some Romanian scholars to be an idiosyncratic offshoot dialect of Romanian.

Recent history

The Istro-Romanians have faced many significant challenges in preserving their language, culture and ethnic identity, including emigration from communism and migration to nearby cities and towns after World War II, when a peace treaty of February 10, 1947, transferred Istria from Italy (which had held it since World War I) and awarded it to Yugoslavia, the parent country of present-day Croatia and Slovenia, which divided Istria between themselves, while Italy still retained a small portion near Trieste.

Before the 20th century, Istro-Romanian was spoken in a substantially broader part of northeastern Istria surrounding the Ćićarija mountain range (ancient ''Mons Carusadius''). The Istro-Romanians now comprise two groups: the ''Ćići'' around Žejane (denoting the people on the north side of Mt. Učka) and the ''Vlahi'' around Šušnjevica census, there were 1,644 declared Istro-Romanian speakers in the area, while in 1926, Romanian scholar Sextil Pușcariu estimated their number to be closer to 3,000. Studies conducted in Istria in 1998 (?) by the Croatian linguist August Kovačec revealed only 170 active speakers (but those counted presumably are only those still in villages where the language is actively spoken, thereby excluding those who moved to larger towns in Istria), most of them being bilingual (or trilingual), except for 27 children.

On the other hand, the major northern village Žejane and nearby hamlets at the Slovenian border are less Italianized and more Slavicized. Many villages in the area have names that are of Romanian origin, such as ''Jeian'', ''Buzet'' ("lips"), ''Katun'' ("hamlet"), ''Letaj'', '' Sucodru'' ("under a forest"), ''Costirceanu'' (a Romanian name). Some of these names are official (recognized by Croatia as their only names), while others are used only by Istro-Romanian speakers (ex. Nova Vas, Noselo).

Origin

Some loanwords suggest that before coming to Istria, Istro-Romanians lived for a period of time on the Dalmatian coast near the Dinara and Velebit mountains.

August Kovačec (1998) hypothesizes that the Istro-Romanians migrated to their present region about 600 years ago from the territory of present-day Romania, after the bubonic plague depopulated Istria. This hypothesis is based on chronicles of the Frankopan princes that state that in the 15th century they accepted the migrating Vlachs from the nearby mainland and from the northern part of Krk (Veglia) island, and settled them in isolated villages in Poljica and Dubašnica, between the castles of Dobrinj and Omišalj, and in the port of Malinska. The term "Vlach", however, refers to all Eastern-Romance-language speakers and cannot be associated exclusively with Istro-Romanians. In fact, pockets of Romanian-language speakers persisted in Malinska up to the mid-19th century, they gradually assimilated and their language disappeared with the last speaker, Mate Bajčić Gašparović. Today, few Romance-language toponyms remain in Malinska.

Phonology

Consonants

* Sounds can also be realized as in some dialects or positions.
* only occurs marginally, or from loanwords.

Vowels

* Sounds can also be heard as lower in other dialects.

Lexis

Although it is a Romance language, Istro-Romanian has received a great amount of influence from other languages. According to a 2005 analysis, 50% of the words in Istro-Romanian come from Serbo-Croatian, 16% come from either Serbo-Croatian or Slovene, 3% come from Slovene, 4.7% come from Italian/ Venetian, 3.5% come from Old Church Slavonic and only 25% come from Latin.

Another study made in 2009 found that 647 words are inherited from Latin (compared to about 2,000 words inherited from Latin in most Romance languages), and 25 words are from the substrate, a much smaller number compared to Daco-Romanian which preserved 89 words from the substrate. The situation is typical for isolated languages/dialects with lower number of speakers. Even so, Istro-Romanian has managed to preserve a few words from Latin that are not found in other Eastern Romance languages: "yellow" (<; also present in Romanian as ), "here" (<+ce), (

See also

* Istro-Romanians
* Istro-Romanian alphabet
* Istro-Romanian grammar
* Megleno-Romanian language
* Common Romanian
* Substrate in Romanian
* Balkan sprachbund
* Origin of the Romanians
* Thraco-Roman
* Daco-Roman
* Eastern Romance languages
* Romance languages
* Legacy of the Roman Empire
* Istriot language

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

Vrzić, Zvjezdana. 2018. Documentation of the Vlashki/Zheyanski Language ('ruo'). London: SOAS, Endangered Languages Archive

''Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie''
, the first book in Istro-Romanian, published by Andrei Glavina and Constantin Diculescu in 1905.

''Lu frati noștri: libru lu rumeri din Istrie''
, the second book in Istro-Romanian, published by Alexandru Leca Morariu in 1928.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istro-Romanian Language

Eastern Romance languages
Endangered diaspora languages
Endangered Romance languages
Languages of Croatia
Istria
Severely endangered languages