Israʼiliyyat

''Israiliyyat'' (in "Israelisms") is a sub-genre of '' tafsīr'' and '' Ḥadīth '' which supplements Quranic narratives. ''Isra'iliyyat'' may derive from Jewish, Christian or Zoroastrian sources. In the early years, ''Isra'iliyyat'' were widely accepted.Karen Bauer Gender ''Hierarchy in the Qur'an: Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses'' Cambridge University Press 2015 p. 115. Only by the time of Ibn Taimiyya and Ibn Kathir, the term ''Isra'iliyyat'' began to denote content considered dubious or as un-Islamic. In modern times, Turkish Quran commentators still allow for usage of ''Isra'iliyyat'', while they are rejected by half of the Arab Quran commentators.

The '' Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ'' usually contain the same materials, but avoided criticism of foreign import. Whether ''Qaṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ'' is a subdivision of ''Israiliyyat'' or the other way around, remains a scholarly debate.

''Israiliyyat'' frequently appear in Qur'anic commentaries, Sufi narratives and Islamic literature. They are used to offer more detailed information regarding earlier prophets mentioned in the Bible and the Qur'an.

History

The first known use of the term ''Isra'iliyyat'' is in a writing of the 10th-century historian and geographer al-Masudi (d. 345/946), in his ''Murūğ al-ḏahab'', as he discusses traditions concerning the creation of the horse. In this context, al-Masudi states that he is relying on stories from Israelite's, or ''Isra'iliyyat''. Al-Masudi often cites Wahb ibn Munabbih when discussing biblical history and prophetic narratives. Al-Masudi's usage

clearly indicates that the term ''isrāʾīliyyāt'' was known in the IV/X sec. and that it was used to refer to a genre of prodigious stories about cosmogony and Biblical history of questionable reliability.

The next known usage is in the writings of Ibn al-Murağğā, in a text written around 430/1040, also in the context of narratives sourced from Wahb. In this case, Ibn al-Murağğā was directly citing a book of Wahb's entitled the ''Kītāb al-isrāʾīliyyāt'' (Book of Israelisms). Al-Ghazali also uses the term in relation to the name of a book, but one that is not connected to Wahb's name. Whether Wahb composed a document by such a name is disputed (others instead attribute a similar text to Hammad ibn Salama (d. 783)). In addition to these, a few initial occurrences of the term can also be found in the works of Abu Bakr al-Turtushi, Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (a pupil of Turtushi), Ibn al-Jawzi, and some others. What these usages indicate is that before the 13th and 14th centuries, usage of the term was not systematic (though well-attested), that the term was used in a few different senses (especially in terms of a book name, or as references to unreliable traditions about cosmogony or prophets originating among Israelite's).

Until the 14th century, the term ''Isra'iliyyat'' did not play a significant role and was not systematically used. It was only until Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328) that the ''Isrā'īlīyāt'' came to be understood as a collection of unreliable traditions of supposed Jewish origin, related to earlier narrators, such as Wahb ibn Munabbih and Ka'b al-Ahbar, whose authority was still retained by earlier Sunni scholars, such as Al-Tabari.

Nevertheless, it was Ibn Taymiyya's student Ibn Kathīr who first systematically used the term for traditions that he vehemently rejected. He treats not only the traditions themselves, but also the narrators, such as ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿAbbās, disparagingly. But it was not until the 20th century that the systematic use of ''Isrā'īlīyāt'' became established. They are often criticized, especially today in the Arab world, and viewed as “un-Islamic”. Only in the Turkish regions are ''Isrā'īlīyāt'' occasionally used and tolerated. However, Arabic contemporary exegesis generally sees them as foreign to Islam and believes that elements such as the perspectives on prophetic figures, contradict or appear to contradict certain theological beliefs. The strong criticism of this literature is a modern phenomenon and stands in contrast to the intensive use of these texts in pre-modern times. For that reason, political rather than traditional motivations have been proposed as a motivator for the contemporary usage of the label ''Isrā'īlīyāt''.

Transmission into Islamic sources

There is no clear evidence regarding the exact manner by which Biblical, Talmudic, or other religious themes might have entered Islamic literature. Muslim sources indicate a number of individuals who converted to Islam from Judaism among the first generations of Muslims and were transmitters of ''Isrā'īlīyāt''. These include such names as Ka’b al-Ahbar and Abd Allah b. Salam. Some sources also suggest that “Muslims studied with practicing Jews,” though the nature and extent of such coeducation is not clear. Biblical events and exegetical commentaries of Jewish origin may also have entered Islamic tradition via educated Christians of Eastern churches such as those of Abyssinia and/or through various local populations of Jews in the Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula.*Adang, Camilla. Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm. New York: E.J. Brill, 1996.

*Bernstein, Marc S. Stories of Joseph: Narrative Migrations between Judaism and Islam.
Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2006.

*Juynboll, G.H.A. The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern
Egypt. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1969.

*Lassner, Jacob. Demonizing the Queen of Sheba: Boundaries of Gender and Culture in
Postbiblical Judaism and Medieval Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1993.

* Rubin, Uri. Between Bible and Qur’an: The Children of Israel and the Islamic Self-
Image. Vol, 17 of Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Princeton: The
Darwin Press, 1999.

List of notable transmitters

Notable individuals to whom the transmission of stories of Jewish and Christian origins are:

* Kaʽb al-Akhbār (d. 652)
* Abu al-Darda (d. 652).
* Tamim al-Dari (d. 661).
* Abdullah ibn Salam (d. 663), described as a rabbi before his conversion to Islam.
* Ibn ‘Abbas (d. 687 CE), a cousin and young companion (''Sahaba'') of Muhammad. He is regarded as one of the greatest authorities on the Qur’an in general and especially the place of Isra’iliyyat traditions in its interpretation.
* Wahb b. Munabbih (d. 732), who was born in the generation after the Sahaba, and who is cited as a trustworthy source for many oral accounts linked to Jewish and Christian traditions.

See also

* Christian influences on the Islamic world

References

Citations

Sources

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Further reading

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{{Authority control

Arabic words and phrases
Hadith studies
Islamic terminology