Isotopes Of Silicon
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Silicon Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid (sometimes considered a non-metal) and semiconductor. It is a membe ...
(14Si) has 25 known
isotope Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or ''nuclides'') of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their Atomic nucleus, nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemica ...
s, with
mass number The mass number (symbol ''A'', from the German word: ''Atomgewicht'', "atomic weight"), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It is appro ...
s ranging from 22 to 46. 28Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 32Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of
argon Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abu ...
. Its
half-life Half-life is a mathematical and scientific description of exponential or gradual decay. Half-life, half life or halflife may also refer to: Film * Half-Life (film), ''Half-Life'' (film), a 2008 independent film by Jennifer Phang * ''Half Life: ...
has been determined to be approximately 150 years (with decay energy 0.21 MeV), and it decays by beta emission to 32 P (which has a 14.27-day half-life) and then to 32 S. After 32Si, 31Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds.


List of isotopes

, -id=Silicon-22 , rowspan=3, 22Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 8 , rowspan=3, 22.03611(54)# , rowspan=3, 28.7(11) ms , β+, p (62%) , 21Mg , rowspan=3, 0+ , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β+ (37%) , 22Al , - , β+, 2p (0.7%) , 20Na , -id=Silicon-23 , rowspan=3, 23Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 9 , rowspan=3, 23.02571(54)# , rowspan=3, 42.3(4) ms , β+, p (88%) , 22Mg , rowspan=3, 3/2+# , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β+ (8%) , 23Al , - , β+, 2p (3.6%) , 21Na , -id=Silicon-24 , rowspan=2, 24Si , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 10 , rowspan=2, 24.011535(21) , rowspan=2, 143.2 (21) ms , β+ (65.5%) , 24Al , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (34.5%) , 23Mg , -id=Silicon-25 , rowspan=2, 25Si , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 11 , rowspan=2, 25.004109(11) , rowspan=2, 220.6(10) ms , β+ (65%) , 25Al , rowspan=2, 5/2+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (35%) , 24Mg , -id=Silicon-26 , 26Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 12 , 25.99233382(12) , 2.2453(7) s , β+ , 26Al , 0+ , , , -id=Silicon-27 , 27Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 13 , 26.98670469(12) , 4.117(14) s , β+ , 27Al , 5/2+ , , , - , 28Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 14 , 27.97692653442(55) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.92223(19) , 0.92205–0.92241 , - , 29Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 15 , 28.97649466434(60) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 1/2+ , 0.04685(8) , 0.04678–0.04692 , -id=Silicon-30 , 30Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 16 , 29.973770137(23) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.03092(11) , 0.03082–0.03102 , -id=Silicon-31 , 31Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 17 , 30.975363196(46) , 157.16(20) min , β , 31P , 3/2+ , , , -id=Silicon-32 , 32Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 18 , 31.97415154(32) , 157(7) y , β , 32P , 0+ , trace , cosmogenic , -id=Silicon-33 , 33Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 19 , 32.97797696(75) , 6.18(18) s , β , 33P , 3/2+ , , , - , 34Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 20 , 33.97853805(86) , 2.77(20) s , β , 34P , 0+ , , , -id=Silicon-34m , style="text-indent:1em" , 34mSi , colspan=3 style="text-indent:2em" , 4256.1(4) keV , <210 ns , IT , 34Si , (3−) , , , -id=Silicon-35 , rowspan=2, 35Si , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 21 , rowspan=2, 34.984550(38) , rowspan=2, 780(120) ms , β , 35P , rowspan=2, 7/2−# , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n? , 34P , -id=Silicon-36 , rowspan=2, 36Si , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 22 , rowspan=2, 35.986649(77) , rowspan=2, 503(2) ms , β (88%) , 36P , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n (12%) , 35P , -id=Silicon-37 , rowspan=3, 37Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 23 , rowspan=3, 36.99295(12) , rowspan=3, 141.0(35) ms , β (83%) , 37P , rowspan=3, (5/2−) , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β, n (17%) , 36P , - , β, 2n? , 35P , -id=Silicon-38 , rowspan=2, 38Si , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 24 , rowspan=2, 37.99552(11) , rowspan=2, 63(8) ms , β (75%) , 38P , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β, n (25%) , 37P , -id=Silicon-39 , rowspan=3, 39Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 25 , rowspan=3, 39.00249(15) , rowspan=3, 41.2(41) ms , β (67%) , 39P , rowspan=3, (5/2−) , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β, n (33%) , 38P , - , β, 2n? , 37P , -id=Silicon-40 , rowspan=3, 40Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 26 , rowspan=3, 40.00608(13) , rowspan=3, 31.2(26) ms , β (62%) , 40P , rowspan=3, 0+ , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β, n (38%) , 39P , - , β, 2n? , 38P , -id=Silicon-41 , rowspan=3, 41Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 27 , rowspan=3, 41.01417(32)# , rowspan=3, 20.0(25) ms , β, n (>55%) , 40P , rowspan=3, 7/2−# , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β (<45%) , 41P , - , β, 2n? , 39P , -id=Silicon-42 , rowspan=3, 42Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 28 , rowspan=3, 42.01808(32)# , rowspan=3, 15.5(4 ( stat), 16 ( sys)) ms , β (51%) , 42P , rowspan=3, 0+ , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β, n (48%) , 41P , - , β, 2n (1%) , 40P , -id=Silicon-43 , rowspan=3, 43Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 29 , rowspan=3, 43.02612(43)# , rowspan=3, 13(4 ( stat), 2 ( sys)) ms , β, n (52%) , 42P , rowspan=3, 3/2−# , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β (27%) , 43P , - , β, 2n (21%) , 41P , -id=Silicon-44 , rowspan=3, 44Si , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 14 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 30 , rowspan=3, 44.03147(54)# , rowspan=3, 4# ms 360 ns, β? , 44P , rowspan=3, 0+ , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β, n? , 43P , - , β, 2n? , 42P , -id=Silicon-45 , 45Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 31 , 45.03982(64)# , 4# ms , , , 3/2−# , , , -id=Silicon-46 , 46Si , style="text-align:right" , 14 , style="text-align:right" , 32 , , , , , , ,


Silicon-28

Silicon-28, the most abundant isotope of silicon, is of particular interest in the construction of quantum computers when highly enriched, as the presence of 29Si in a sample of silicon contributes to
quantum decoherence Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. It involves generally a loss of information of a system to its environment. Quantum decoherence has been studied to understand how quantum systems convert to systems that can be expla ...
. Extremely pure (>99.9998%) samples of 28Si can be produced through selective
ionization Ionization or ionisation is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive Electric charge, charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged at ...
and deposition of 28Si from silane gas. Due to the extremely high purity that can be obtained in this manner, the Avogadro project sought to develop a new definition of the
kilogram The kilogram (also spelled kilogramme) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one thousand grams. It has the unit symbol kg. The word "kilogram" is formed from the combination of the metric prefix kilo- (m ...
by making a sphere of the isotope and determining the exact number of atoms in the sample. Silicon-28 is produced in stars during the alpha process and the oxygen-burning process, and drives the silicon-burning process in massive stars shortly before they go
supernova A supernova (: supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last stellar evolution, evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion ...
.


Silicon-29

Silicon-29 is of note as the only stable silicon isotope with a nonzero
nuclear spin Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: * Nuclear engineering * Nuclear physics * Nuclear power * Nuclear reactor * Nuclear weapon * Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics * Nuclear space * ...
(''I'' = 1/2). As such, it can be employed in nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperfine transition studies, for example to study the properties of the so-called A-center defect in pure silicon.


Silicon-34

Silicon-34 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 2.8 seconds. In addition to the usual ''N'' = 20 closed shell, the nucleus also shows a strong ''Z'' = 14 shell closure, making it behave like a doubly magic spherical nucleus, except that it is also located two protons above an island of inversion. Silicon-34 has an unusual "bubble" structure where the proton distribution is less dense at the center than near the surface, as the 2''s''1/2 proton orbital is almost unoccupied in the ground state, unlike in 36S where it is almost full. Silicon-34 is one of the known
cluster decay Cluster decay, also named heavy particle radioactivity, heavy ion radioactivity or heavy cluster decay," is a rare type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons, more than in an alpha particle, ...
emission particles; it is produced in the decay of 242Cm with a branching ratio of approximately .


See also

Daughter products other than silicon * Isotopes of phosphorus * Isotopes of aluminum * Isotopes of magnesium * Isotopes of sodium


References


External links


Silicon isotopes data from ''The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's''
{{Navbox element isotopes Silicon
Silicon Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid (sometimes considered a non-metal) and semiconductor. It is a membe ...