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Union of Islamic Education (, Jawi: ڤرستوان تربيه اسلاميه;
Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
: اتحاد التربية الإسلامية‎ ''Ittiḥād at-Tarbiyah al-Islāmīyah''), also known as PERTI, is a Shafii-
Ash'ari Ash'arism (; ) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (''mujaddid''), and scholastic theologian, in the 9th–10th century. It established an orthodox guideline, based on ...
Islamic Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
organization An organization or organisation (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-ise, -ize (-isation, -ization), see spelling differences) is an legal entity, entity—such as ...
in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. The organization was founded by Sulaiman ar-Rasuli on May 5, 1928 in Candung,
West Sumatra West Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of ...
. In its development, PERTI had become a
political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ...
and gained four
People's Representative Council The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (, DPR-RI or simply DPR) is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while th ...
(DPR-RI) seats and seven Constituent seats in 1955 general election.


History


Early period

The organization was founded as ''Persatuan Madrasah Tarbiyah Islamiyah'' (Union of Islamic Education Schools) on May 5, 1928 by Sulaiman ar-Rasuli at Canduang, Agam,
West Sumatra West Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of ...
. The organization was initially created as a union of
madrasas Madrasa (, also , ; Arabic: مدرسة , ), sometimes Romanization of Arabic, romanized as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any Educational institution, type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whet ...
founded by ''kaum tua'' ( traditionalist) clerics in
Minangkabau Minangkabau may refer to: * Minangkabau culture, culture of the Minangkabau people * Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center * Minangkabau Express, an airport rail link service serving Minangkabau International Airport (''see bel ...
to compete with
modernist Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...
schools like
Sumatera Thawalib Sumatera Thawalib was one of the earliest Islamic mass organizations in Indonesia, based in West Sumatra. Sumatera Thawalib represented the modernist school of Islam in Indonesia, an Islamic reform with heavy emphasis on the Qur'an, hadith, a mod ...
. Sulaiman ar-Rasuli reformed his ''
surau A surau is an Islamic assembly building in some regions of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, used for worship and religious instruction. Generally smaller physical structures, their ritual functions are similar to those of a mosque, they admit ...
'' as ''Madrasah Tarbiyah Islamiyah'' (MTI) Canduang, an act that was followed by other ''kaum tua''
ulama In Islam, the ''ulama'' ( ; also spelled ''ulema''; ; singular ; feminine singular , plural ) are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. They are considered the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam. "Ulama ...
such as Muhammad Jamil Jaho and Abdul Wahid Saleh. The organization saw itself as a successor of ''Ittihad Ulama Sumatra'' (Union of Sumatran Clerics) founded by Muhammad Saad Mungka in 1921 and a continuation of educational modernization led by Abbas Qadhi, another traditionalist cleric who modernized his surau in
Bukittinggi Bukittinggi (, Jawi script, Jawi: , formerly ) is the third largest city in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of 111,312 in 2010Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 121,028 in 2020.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. An official es ...
earlier in 1918. Around 1928-1937, the organization changed its name several times. One of these names is ''Persatuan Islam Indonesia'' (Indonesian Islamic Union) which caused the organization became under the surveillance of
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...
government. In 1937, ''Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah'' (Union of Islamic Education, PERTI), a name suggested by Rusli Abdul Wahid, was chosen as the new name of the organization. In 1938, Sirajuddin Abbas, son of Abbas Qadhi, was elected as the chairman of PERTI.


As a political party

PERTI initially participated in politics by joining ''Gabungan Politik Indonesia'' (GAPI) and giving its opinion on statehood to the Visman Commission in 1939. In 1943 during the
Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. In May 1940, Germany German invasion of the Netherlands, occupied the Netherlands, and ma ...
, leaders of PERTI joined High Islamic Council (MIT) in Bukittinggi, an Islamic organization consisted of both traditionalist and modernist ulama in
Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...
. At the PERTI conference on November 22, 1945, it was decided that PERTI transformed into a
political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ...
. In 1950, Sirajuddin Abbas was chosen as Chairman of the Supreme Party Council, Rusli Abdul Wahid was chosen as Chairman of the Central Governing Council, and Sulaiman Ar-Rasuli was appointed as the Chairman of the Central Advisory Council. In 1952, PERTI together with
Nahdlatul Ulama Nahdlatul Ulama (, , NU) is an Islamic organization in Indonesia. Its membership numbered over 40 million in 2023, making it the largest Islamic organization in the world. NU is also a charitable body funding schools and hospitals as well as or ...
(NU),
Indonesian Islamic Union Party Indonesian Islamic Union Party () was an Islamic political party in Indonesia before and after independence. In 1973 it was merged into the United Development Party. The pre-independence party Establishment and aims The Sarekat Islam (Islamic A ...
, and Darud Da'wah wal Irsyad founded ''Liga Muslimin Indonesia''. In the 1955 legislative election, PERTI came tenth nationally, with 1.3 percent of the vote, winning four seats in the 257-seat
People's Representative Council The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (, DPR-RI or simply DPR) is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while th ...
, three from Central Sumatra and one from North Sumatra and Aceh. Party leader Siradjuddin Abbas was elected to the legislature. Three months later, it won a slightly smaller share of the vote in the Constituent Assembly election, resulting in the party obtaining seven of the 514 seats in the
Constitutional Assembly A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...
, which was tasked with drawing up a permanent constitution. In the electoral district of Central Sumatra, where its central office was based, it came second to the
Masyumi Party The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations Party (), better known as the Masyumi Party, was a major Islamic political party in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia (1950-1957), Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia. It was b ...
. In the 1971 legislative election, it won only 0.70 percent of the vote and two seats in the legislature. Two PERTI leaders were appointed as
ministers Minister may refer to: * Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric ** Minister (Catholic Church) * Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department) ** Minister without portfolio, a member of government w ...
of state during
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
's reign: Sirajuddin Abbas as Minister of Public Welfare and Rusli Abdul Wahid as Minister of General Affairs and West Papua.


Split

On May 1, 1965, Rusli Abdul Wahid took full control of PERTI as ''Rais Am'', with Rusli Halil as the chairman of the party. The transition of leadership was challenged by Sirajuddin Abbas and Baharuddin Arrasuli. As a result, PERTI was divided between Rusli faction and Sirajuddin faction. In order to quell the dispute, Sulaiman ar-Rasuli on March 1, 1969 issued a call to return to nonpolitical roots of PERTI in ''Khitah 1928''. The call, however, could not calm the conflict. During the earlier days of
Suharto Suharto (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian Officer (armed forces), military officer and politician, and dictator, who was the second and longest serving president of Indonesia, serving from 1967 to 1998. His 32 years rule, cha ...
's New Order regime, Sirajuddin faction adopted the name ''Tarbiyah'' in 1969 and became a staunch supporter of
Golkar The Party of Functional Groups (), often known by its abbreviation Golkar, is a Centre politics, centre to Centre-right politics, centre-right big tent secular nationalist political parties in Indonesia, political party in Indonesia. Founded in ...
. On the other hand, Rusli faction retained the ''PERTI'' acronym and became an independent political party until its merger into the
United Development Party The United Development Party (, PPP) is an Islam-based Al-Hamdi, Ridho (February 2017). ''Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia''. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan (Journal of Government & Politics). Vol. 8 No. 1, p ...
(PPP) in 1973.


Unification

The unification between two factions finally achieved through a ''muktamar islah'' (reconciliation conference) in
Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...
on October 21-23, 2016.  Based on the ''muktamar'' result, Basri Bermanda from Tarbiyah (ex-Golkar) was elected as chairman, while Mohammad Faisal Amin from PERTI (ex-PPP) was appointed as deputy chairman. On October 23-25, 2022, Muhammad Syarfi Hutauruk was chosen as the new chairman. During the organization's anniversary on May 5, 2023 in
Padang Padang () is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of West Sumatra. It had a population of 833,562 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 909,040 at the 2020 Census;Bad ...
, Hutauruk stated that PERTI as an organization is no longer affiliated to any political parties.


Ideology and community

PERTI is widely known as a ''kaum tua'' ( traditionalist) organization which adheres
Shafi'i The Shafi'i school or Shafi'i Madhhab () or Shafi'i is one of the four major schools of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), belonging to the Ahl al-Hadith tradition within Sunni Islam. It was founded by the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionis ...
in
jurisprudence Jurisprudence, also known as theory of law or philosophy of law, is the examination in a general perspective of what law is and what it ought to be. It investigates issues such as the definition of law; legal validity; legal norms and values ...
and
Ash'ari Ash'arism (; ) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (''mujaddid''), and scholastic theologian, in the 9th–10th century. It established an orthodox guideline, based on ...
in
creed A creed, also known as a confession of faith, a symbol, or a statement of faith, is a statement of the shared beliefs of a community (often a religious community) which summarizes its core tenets. Many Christian denominations use three creeds ...
. PERTI acknowledged
Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...
orders Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * H ...
with some of its members and supporters are followers of
Naqshbandi Naqshbandi (Persian: نقشبندیه) is a major Sufi order within Sunni Islam, named after its 14th-century founder, Baha' al-Din Naqshband. Practitioners, known as Naqshbandis, trace their spiritual lineage (silsila) directly to the Prophet ...
and
Shattari The Shattari or Shattariyya are members of a tariqah, Sufi order that originated in Safavid Iran in the fifteenth century and developed, completed, and codified in India. Later, secondary branches were taken to the Hejaz and to Indonesia. The ...
order. The Islamic Education Union was established in
West Sumatra West Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of ...
, then spread to several regions in Indonesia such as
Aceh Aceh ( , ; , Jawi script, Jawoë: ; Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, Old Spelling: ''Atjeh'') is the westernmost Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern end of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capit ...
,
Riau Riau (Jawi script, Jawi: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the central eastern coast of the island of Sumatra, and extends from the eastern slopes of the Barisan Mountains to the Malacca Strait, including s ...
,
Jambi Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of i ...
, and
Bengkulu Bengkulu (), historically known as Bencoolen, is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra. It was formed on 18 November 1968 by separating out the area of the historic Bencoolen Residency from the province of ...
.


Schools

The main support of PERTI as an institution of education lies in its
madrasa Madrasa (, also , ; Arabic: مدرسة , ), sometimes Romanization of Arabic, romanized as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any Educational institution, type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whet ...
network, known as ''Madrasah Tarbiyah Islamiyah'' (MTI). In 1939, more than 400 MTIs were established throughout the
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...
with the farthest reach to
Lamakera Lamakera in 1904 Lamakera is a village in Indonesia, on the east tip of Solor Island. It was known for being the place where the most manta rays are killed. It was featured in the 2015 documentary film ''Racing Extinction''. The villagers also hu ...
,
East Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara (; ) is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It comprises the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north, with a total land area of 47,238.07 km2. It cons ...
. Like ''
pesantren ''Pesantren'' is a traditional Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. It is taught either in private houses, a ''wiktionary:pondok, pondok'' or a mosque, the teaching includes classical Islamic texts and ''santri'' thought, taught by Kyai, ''kya ...
'' in Java, MTI in the early days only taught Islamic subjects before it is supplemented with secular lessons since 1950s.


References


Notes


Citations


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{United Development Party Ash'ari Sunni Islamic movements Islamic organizations based in Indonesia 1928 establishments in the Dutch East Indies Islamic organizations established in 1928 Defunct political parties in Indonesia Islamic political parties in Indonesia