Islam In Houston
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As of 2012, the city of
Houston Houston ( ) is the List of cities in Texas by population, most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States. Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the county seat, seat of ...
has the largest Muslim population in Texas and the largest Muslim population in the
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. That year, Kate Shellnut of the ''
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'' wrote that "Some estimate that Muslims make up 1.2 percent of the city's population."Shellnutt, Kate.
U.S. sees rise of Islamic centers
" ''
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''. March 8, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
In 2025, Muslims are now estimated at over 3%. As of 2012 the estimated population of Muslims in Houston was around 63,000. As of today, there are over 209 mosques and storefront religious centers, with the largest being the ''Al-Noor'' Mosque (Mosque of Light) of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH).Badr, p
193
In 2007 Barbara Karkabi of the ''
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'' wrote that the Sunni and Shia Muslims "generally enjoy good relations in Houston."Karkabi, Barbara.
The two faces of Islam

Archive
. ''
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''. February 24, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
The
University of Houston The University of Houston (; ) is a Public university, public research university in Houston, Texas, United States. It was established in 1927 as Houston Junior College, a coeducational institution and one of multiple junior colleges formed in ...
has separate student organizations for Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims, the mostly-Sunni Muslim Students Association and the Shia Association of Muslim Students. As of 1990 the ISGH served as the main Sunni mosque system in Houston,Fischer and Abedi, p
269
as in that year it had multiple branches there, and as of 2000, most Sunni mosques in the city are a part of the ISGH.Badr, p
195
/ref> As of 2011 the Al-Noor Society of Greater Houston operates four mosques in Greater Houston. Culturally, ISGH and the Al-Noor Islamic Society have different views on when to start
Ramadan Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (''Fasting in Islam, sawm''), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community. It is also the month in which the Quran is believed ...
. The former uses the
Islamic Society of North America The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) is a non-profit Muslim religious organization based in the United States and serving North America. It provides a number of programs and services to North America's Muslim communities and broader societ ...
(ISNA) of starting it with the first sighting of the moon in North America while the latter strictly uses the first sighting of the moon in the local Houston area.


History

In the 1950s a group of Muslims began meeting at a barbershop. This group established Masjid Al-Islam, now the Masjid Warithuddeen Mohammed. In the 1970s a three-bedroom house in northern Houston was the only mosque in the city, and it served 30 families. Those families pooled funds and purchased a plot of land in late 1980 so a mosque could be built there; the plot was near two major arteries.Badr, p
193
At first the mosque was in a , three bedroom double-wide trailer, purchased for $43,000 ($ when accounting for inflation).Badr, p
193194
Five families donated money to pay for the down payment, with each family paying $1,500 ($ when accounting for inflation). Public fundraising dinners and anonymous donations provided the funds for the construction of the permanent ''Al-Noor'' mosque.Badr, p
194
/ref> In 1987 the Al-Noor Society was established.


. Al-noor Islamic Society of Greater Houston. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
The Alavi Foundation, a charitable Islamic foundation headquartered in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, purchased the property that would become the Islamic Education Center (IEC) for $1.1 million in 1988.Mendoza, Moises, Mary Flood and Lindsay Wise.
Muslims decry move to seize Houston mosque
" ''
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''. November 13, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
By 2000 some Muslim Iranians who were opposed to fundamentalism in the mosques began attending Zoroastrian events.Rustomji, p
249
In 2009 the
Federal Government of the United States The Federal Government of the United States of America (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the Federation#Federal governments, national government of the United States. The U.S. federal government is composed of three distinct ...
attempted to seize over $500 million in assets from the Alavi Foundation, accusing the foundation of being a front for the
Government of Iran The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (), known simply as ''Nezam'' (), is the ruling State (polity), state and current political system in Iran, in power since the Iranian Revolution and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. Its Const ...
. The IEC, including Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning, was among the assets. Houston-area Shia Muslims criticized the federal government's actions. In a period of several years before 2012, several new mosques had opened. In the same period, other mosques were expanded. On Friday February 13, 2015, a fire occurred at the Quba Islamic Institute, located in southeast Houston.
Houston Fire Department City of Houston Fire Department (HFD) is the agency that provides fire protection and emergency medical services for the city of Houston, Texas, United States, the fourth largest city in the United States. HFD is responsible for preserving life a ...
officials stated that they discovered an
accelerant Accelerants, or accelerators, are substances that increase the rate of a natural or artificial chemical process. They play a major role in chemistry, as most chemical reactions can be hastened with an accelerant. Understanding accelerants is cr ...
that was used in the fire. , the growth of Islam in the area culminated with a predominantly ethnic background of South Asians, Middle Easterners, Africans, Turks, and Indonesians. As of 2000, over 70% of the Muslims in Houston were of Pakistani origins. As of 2000 most established Muslim immigrants live in north and northwest Houston while most new Muslim immigrants live in
Southwest Houston Southwest Houston is a region in Houston, Texas, Houston, Texas, United States. The area is considered to be from Texas State Highway 6, south of Westpark Tollway to north of U.S. Route 90. Many Section 8 (housing) complexes are located in South ...
, in particular Alief. As of 1990, the Iranian Shia in Houston primarily used the ISGH mosques for occasional needs including marriages and funerals. According to Hoda Badr, the author of "''Al Noor'' Mosque: Strength Through Unity," from 1990 to 2000 many Arabs began to create their own mosques and Islamic schools separate from the ISGH due to disagreements over various issues including the language of the Friday sermons, the operations of Sunday schools and full-time schools, and the monetary distribution and collection.Badr, p
207
/ref> In 2000 Badr wrote that Muslims "remain fragmented along ethnic lines" and this is mainly due to increased immigration.Badr, p
205
/ref> Around 2002 in Houston some Hispanics were converts to Islam. They said that many people mistake them to be of Pakistani or Middle Eastern origin because they are Muslim.Dooley, Tara.
Muslims gain Hispanic converts
" ''
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'' at ''
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,'' 28 September 2002. 2D and 3D. Retrieved from
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(45-46 of 51) on November 9, 2011.


Varieties of Islam


Shia Islam

There are many Shia mosques in Houston. Some of them are Al-Ghadeer, Al-Murtaza, IPF, IEC, Ahlulbayt, Dar-e-Abbas, and Ali Center. Houston also has one of the largest Juloos in the US organized by Pasban-e-Aza.


Ismailism

In the 1960s the first large numbers of Ismailis came to Houston to work in the
Texas Medical Center The Texas Medical Center (TMC) is a List of neighborhoods in Houston, neighborhood in south-central Houston, Texas, United States. It is immediately south of the Houston Museum District, Museum District and west of Texas State Highway 288. Over 6 ...
. In 2002 there were about 15,000 Ismailis in the Houston area.Dooley, Tara.
Muslim center opens soon in Sugar Land

Archive
. ''
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''. Thursday June 20, 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
By 2020 there were about 40,000 Ismailis in the area. The
Ismaili Ismailism () is a branch of Shia Islam. The Isma'ili () get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor ( imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelver Shia, who accept ...
Jamatkhana and Center, which serves as the headquarters of the Ismaili Council for the United States, is located in
Sugar Land Sugar Land (sometimes incorrectly spelled as Sugarland) is the largest city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, located in the southwestern part of the metropolitan area. Located about southwest of downtown Houston, Sugar Land is a po ...
,Vara, Richard.
Ismaili Muslim center opens in Sugar Land
" ''
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''. June 24, 2002. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
along First Colony Boulevard, on a plot of land. The center, built for $10 million and designed by Indian architect Ramesh Khosla, opened in 2002. The
Aga Khan Aga Khan (; ; also transliterated as ''Aqa Khan'' and ''Agha Khan'') is a title held by the Imamate in Nizari doctrine, Imām of the Nizari Isma'ilism, Nizari Isma'ilism, Ismāʿīli Shia Islam, Shias. The current holder of the title is the ...
,
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, Mayor of Sugar Land David Wallace, and other politicians of the State of Texas attended the opening ceremony. The center includes prayer rooms, a cultural center, a conference center, and a gallery of Ismaili art. In 2006, the
Aga Khan Foundation The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) is a private, not-for-profit international development agency, which was founded in 1967 by Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, the 49th Hereditary Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims. AKF seeks to provide long-ter ...
purchased an plot, including the Robinson Warehouse on
Allen Parkway Allen Parkway is an arterial road west of Downtown Houston, Texas. It has a distance of approximately 2.3 miles (3.7 km), running from Interstate 45 west to Shepherd Drive, where it becomes Kirby Drive. Originally known as Buffalo Parkway ...
, in order to build an Ismaili Centre. The group planned to demolish the warehouse. The building, designed by Nimmons, Carr & Wright, opened in 1929 as the first
Sears Sears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears ( ), is an American chain of department stores and online retailer founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck and reincorporated in 1906 by Richard Sears and Julius Rosen ...
store in Houston, but Sears moved out in the 1930s. The
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used it temporarily in the 1930s. In the 1950s an individual with a storage business, Arthur Robinson, purchased it for that business. In February 2019, Ismaili Muslims of the
Aga Khan Development Network The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) is a network of private, non-denominational development agencies founded by the Aga Khan, with the primary focus of improving the quality of life in different regions of Asia and Africa. The network focuse ...
hired architect
Farshid Moussavi Farshid Moussavi (born 1965) is an Iranian-born British architect, educator, and author. She is the founder of Farshid Moussavi Architecture (FMA) and a Professor in Practice of Architecture at Harvard University Graduate School of Desig ...
to construct the Ismaili Center Houston. The Ismailis annually run the Houston Partnership Walk in order to raise funds for antipoverty initiatives. The Aga Khan Foundation Walk occurs annually as method of creating awareness and funding programs for developing nations around the world, especially in Asia and Africa. It is scheduled to open in 2024. Some Ismaili Muslims belong to the
Dawoodi Bohra The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious denomination within the Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam. They number approximately one million worldwide and have settled in over 40 countries around the world. The majority of the Dawoodi Bohra community re ...
sect. Mariya Karimjee, a Bohra Muslim who lived in Houston, wrote that the Houston Bohris were more religious than those in
Karachi Karachi is the capital city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, largest city in Pakistan and 12th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a popul ...
, her city of origin. Karimjee also stated that "The entire Bohri community in Houston stuck together like glue" since the sect members she was acquainted with "all lived in the same neighborhoods, were concentrated in the same few public schools, and often interacted solely with other Bohris."Karimjee, Mariya.
The Adventures of a Pakistani in Texas

Archive
. '' Narratively''. Wednesday January 22, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
The Houston Bohri community increased in size during the post-
September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...
era.


Ahmadiyya

Houston has an
Ahmadiyya Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ), is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed a ...
community with a mosque. The mosque is located in northern Harris County. On Thursday, May 22, 2008,Houston papers disappear, editor threatened

Archive
.
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. June 18, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
Sheikh Najam Ali ran an advertisement in his newspaper, the ''Pakistan Times'', that stated that the Ahmadiyya were Muslim and that announced an Ahmadiyya celebration. Because of the advertisement, several distribution sites removed his newspapers, several anonymous callers gave him
death threats A death threat is a threat, often made Anonymity, anonymously, by one person or a group of people to kill another person or group of people. These threats are often designed to intimidate victims in order to Psychological manipulation, manipulat ...
, and several advertisers cancelled their services. In regards to the death threats, Jill Carroll of the ''
Houston Chronicle The ''Houston Chronicle'' is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Houston, Texas, United States. it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, behind only ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times''. ...
'' wrote "Can we just resolve that we will resist death threats to people we don't like, or to people of whom we don't approve, especially in religious matters? Can we just say "no" to death threats or calls for people's death?"


Nation of Islam

Throughout the area, Greater Houston has at least one
Nation of Islam The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. A centralized and hierarchical organization, the NOI is committed to black nationalism and focuses its attention on the Afr ...
mosque.


Individual mosques

There is one mosque in
Downtown Houston Downtown is the largest central business district in the city of Houston and the largest in the state of Texas, located near the geographic center of the metropolitan area at the confluence of Interstate 10 in Texas, Interstate 10, Interstate 45 ...
, the Islamic Da'wah Center. It is located in a three story building built by Ross S. Sterling. Constructed in 1928, it formerly housed the Houston National Bank. The exterior is made of black granite and limestone. Richard Vara of the ''
Houston Chronicle The ''Houston Chronicle'' is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Houston, Texas, United States. it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, behind only ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times''. ...
'' stated that the building's eight columns are "reminiscent of ancient Greek colonnaded architecture."Vara, Richard.
Building transformed from bank to mosque
" ''
Houston Chronicle The ''Houston Chronicle'' is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Houston, Texas, United States. it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, behind only ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times''. ...
''. December 28, 2002. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Gold leaf is used in the high-domed ceiling. Belgian, Portuguese, and Italian-imported marble is used in the interior. Hakeem Olajuwon purchased the building in 1994 so it could be made into a mosque. The treasurer of the facility, Hasan Tulbah, stated that the building initially needed major restoration. California artists did restoration work on the ceiling, which had received rain damage. Both men and women pray on the first floor, with each gender praying in a separate area separated by a screen. The second-floor mezzanine area is used as a prayer area for women. The Islamic library is located in an open bank vault in the basement. The basement also houses a reception hall and kitchen. The building is used as a da'wah center, and Vara wrote that "The building is regarded by the Houston Muslim community as one of the nation's premiere worship centers." Katy Islamic Center, the largest mosque in Greater Katy, is located in unincorporated area, unincorporated Harris County, Texas, Harris County. Operated by the Muslim American Society (MAS), it occupies an tract with a mosque building that is two stories tall.() In September 2006 the Katy Islamic Society purchased the tract for $1.1 million ($ according to inflation). Around that time some neighbors of the tract reacted negatively. Many cited concerns involving infrastructure such as traffic and drainage. One man threatened to hold pig races, involving animals considered to be forbidden in Islam. Another established a website that had a counter of terrorist attacks that occurred since the
September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...
. Construction began in 2008 after MAS acquired the tract, and it opened on June 13, 2015. The Clear Lake Islamic Center Inc. (CLIC), established in 1996, is the largest mosque in the Clear Lake (region), Clear Lake area.Shellnutt, Kate.
Clear Lake mosque suffers two fires; Police investigate for arson
." ''
Houston Chronicle The ''Houston Chronicle'' is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Houston, Texas, United States. it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, behind only ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times''. ...
''. March 18, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
The Islamic Education Center, in a former Hindu marketplace, is one of the largest Shia mosques in HoustonUS Govt move to seize 4 mosques, tower linked to Iran
" ''Indian Express''. Friday November 13, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
and serves as a majority Shia institution in west Houston. It includes an affiliated in Islamic school, the Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning, which opened on January 9, 1996.Our History
." Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
The Islamic Education Center is owned by the Alvani Foundation. It has been found by the federal government to serve as an illegal funding machine for the Iran regime. The area's first Spanish-speaking mosque, the Centro Islámico, opened on January 30, 2016. It was the first Spanish-language mosque to open in the United States since the 2005 closure of the storefront mosque of the Alianza Islámica in New York City. The Houston mosque, decorated in a manner similar to that of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, Mezquita de Córdoba, is operated by the organization IslamInSpanish. The Baitus Samee Mosque (Houston), Baitus Samee Mosque in Houston's Northside area is also notable.


Other facilities

Of the religious madrassas in the area, as of 2011, the Madrasah Islamia was the first established and the largest. As of 2000, the sole Muslim funeral home in the State of Texas was located at ''Al-Noor'', and it served Muslims from all of Texas and from several nearby states. As of that year, about 90% of the Houston-area funeral prayers are conducted at Al-Noor due to the location of the funeral home. As of 2000 there were no Muslim cemeteries in Houston, so the Muslims have a special section of a non-Muslim cemetery.Badr, p
198


Economy

As of 2014, the Houston area had about 50 halal-certified restaurants.America's Muslim Capitals
" ''The Daily Beast''. "#9, Houston, Texas Estimated Muslim population (percentage): 1.2 Total mosques (rank): 15 Number of halal restaurants: 50"
Houston has some restaurants which, during
Ramadan Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (''Fasting in Islam, sawm''), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community. It is also the month in which the Quran is believed ...
, serve iftar meals to families who are too busy to cook.


Politics

M.J. Khan was elected to District F of the Houston City Council, making him the first Muslim to gain a seat on the council. Houston's Muslim community supported his campaign.Dooley, Tara. "Khan inspires Muslims with election to council." ''
Houston Chronicle The ''Houston Chronicle'' is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Houston, Texas, United States. it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, behind only ''The New York Times'' and the ''Los Angeles Times''. ...
''. Saturday, December 13, 2003. Religion p. 1. NewsBank Record Number: 3716921. Available from the Houston Public Library website with a library card.
In 2021 Pakistani American Yasar Bashir became the first Muslim assistant chief of the Houston Police Department.


Education

The Islamic schools operated by the Islamic Society of Greater Houston are the Darul Arqam Schools. The Islamic Education Center operates the Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning. The Iman Academy is an independent Islamic school system.


LGBTQ affairs

In 2022 there were plans to open a mosque which caters to Houston's LGBT communities.


Notable people

* Ghulam Bombaywala - Restaurateur * Ali Irsan – Convicted and sentenced to death for honor killings * M.J. Khan – Politician * Hakeem Olajuwon – Basketball player


See also

* Religion in Houston * Islam in the United States *History of Pakistani Americans in Houston


References

* Badr, Hoda. "''Al Noor'' Mosque: Strength Through Unity" (Chapter 11). In: Chafetz, Janet Salzman and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors). ''Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations''. AltaMira Press, October 18, 2000. , 9780759117129. * Fischer, Michael M. J. and Mehdi Abedi. ''Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition''. University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. , 9780299124342. * Rustomji, Yezdi. "The Zoroastrian Center: An Ancient Faith in Diaspora." in: Chafetz, Janet Salzman and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors). ''Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations''. AltaMira Press, October 18, 2000. , 9780759117129.


Notes


Further reading

*
Speech by His Highness the Aga Khan at the Inauguration of the Ismaili Jamatkhana and Center (Houston, Texas, USA)

Archive
. Agha Khan Press Centre. June 23, 2012.


External links


CAIR Texas Houston Center

Islamic Dawah Center

The Islamic Education Center of Houston, Texas
(Shia mosque)
Al-noor Society of Greater Houston

Clear Lake Islamic Center
{{Islam in the United States by city Islam in Houston,