Iris Oratoria
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''Iris oratoria'', known by the
common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...
Mediterranean mantis (or less frequently iris mantis), due to humans first studying it in lands around the Mediterranean Sea, is a
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
of
praying mantis Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 460 genera in 33 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate ...
. Its range is expanding in the
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,
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and the
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.Sexual cannibalism, mate choice, and sperm competition in praying mantids


Range

Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...
,
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, Brač Island, Korčula Island, France (Including
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), Greece (Including
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,
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, Cyclades Islands), Italy (Including
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),
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,
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(Including
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),
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(Including
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,
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, Voivodina,
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), North Africa (
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,
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,
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,
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,
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, North
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),
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, West, Central and South Asia ( Asian Turkey,
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, Title: Updated Checklist of India Mantodea (Insecta) Authors: Mukherjee et al. Date:1995
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,
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,
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,
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,
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), Non-native to the Southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas.).


Appearance

''I. oratoria'' is very pale when young but matures to grass green, and grows to about long. The species may be distinguished from ''
Mantis religiosa The European mantis (''Mantis religiosa'') is a large Hemimetabolism, hemimetabolic insect in the Mantidae family, which is the largest family of the order Mantodea (mantises). Their common name praying mantis is derived from the distinctive post ...
'' and other mantids with which it shares a range and general size and shape by the red-orange spot on the ventral side of the fourth (second to last) abdominal segment; also, its cerci are shorter than those of ''M. religiosa''.D. Oliveira, Mantid Genera Key
The species is distinctive in having two large startling violet-brown eyespots on its hind wings which are revealed when its wings are unfolded. The adult is more slender than '' Tenodera sinensis'', more like ''
Mantis religiosa The European mantis (''Mantis religiosa'') is a large Hemimetabolism, hemimetabolic insect in the Mantidae family, which is the largest family of the order Mantodea (mantises). Their common name praying mantis is derived from the distinctive post ...
'' in shape. Females have wings shorter than the abdomen, very similar to some '' Stagmomantis'' species, but easily distinguished if the hindwings are visible.


Reproduction

Two novel ''I. oratoria'' survival strategies may have contributed to the expansion of this species beyond its original range, and its success in areas formerly occupied by other mantids such as '' Stagmomantis carolina.'' Firstly, this species is capable of parthenogenic reproduction when males are scarce. Secondly, additional '' I. oratoria''
nymph A nymph (; ; sometimes spelled nymphe) is a minor female nature deity in ancient Greek folklore. Distinct from other Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature; they are typically tied to a specific place, land ...
s may emerge from their oothecae in the second season after the egg case is produced, i.e., when their siblings are already grown and are producing their own offspring."Range Expansion of an Introduced Mantid ''Iris oratoria'' and Niche Overlap with a Native Mantid ''Stagmomantis limbata'' (Mantodea: Mantidae)" by Michael R. Maxwell and Ofer Eitan, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 91, Number 4, July 1998.


Hatching

At a field site in Davis, California, ''S. limbata'' hatched earlier in the season than ''Iris oratoria'', and ''Iris oratoria'' tended to persist longer into the year.


Behaviour

The Mediterranean mantis is known for two distinctive behaviours, apart from the ambush hunting common to other mantids: cannibalism and deimatic or threat displays. The
sexual cannibalism Sexual cannibalism is when an animal, usually the female, Cannibalism, cannibalizes its mate prior to, during, or after Copulation (zoology), copulation. This trait is observed in many arachnid orders, several insect and crustacean clades, Gastro ...
of mantids known in
popular culture Popular culture (also called pop culture or mass culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of cultural practice, practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art
f. pop art F is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet. F may also refer to: Science and technology Mathematics * F or f, the number 15 (number), 15 in hexadecimal and higher positional systems * ''p'F'q'', the hypergeometric function * F-distributi ...
or mass art, sometimes contraste ...
occurs in roughly one quarter of all intersexual encounters of ''I. oratoria.'' When the mantis is under attack, it sets in motion a complex series of actions which combine to form a startling deimatic display. The mantis turns to face the aggressor, rears up by arching its back, curls its abdomen upwards (dorsiflexion), raises and waves its forelimbs, raises its wings to displays the large brightly coloured eyespots on the hindwings, and stridulates by scraping the edge of its hindwings against its tegmina, the leathery front wings.Prete, 1999. p 185.


Diet

Compared to '' Stagmomantis limbata'', ''Iris oratoria'' eats a lesser portion of
Orthoptera Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – gras ...
n insects and does not eat as much long bodied insects. ''S. limbata'' adults have longer pronota and forelegs than ''I. oratoria'' adults. This difference in body size might be an important cause of the dietary differences between the species. Furthermore, the earlier hatch date for ''S. limbata'' also might reduce the overlap in ''Iris oratoria'' and ''Stagmomantis limbata'' diets.


Gallery

File:Chinese-mantis-bee.JPG, ''Iris oratoria'' eating a bee File:Gottesanbeterin.JPG, ''Iris oratoria'' adult female File:Iris oratoria-Sardinien-2008-Thomas Huntke.jpg, Adult female File:Iris oratoria (Sierra de la Alpujarra, Spain).JPG, Adult female ''Iris oratoria'' from Sierra de la Alpujarra,
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
File:Gottesanbeterin haeutung.jpg, Adult female ''Iris oratoria'' File:Fangheuschrecke - Hvar.jpg, Adult female ''Iris oratoria'' from
Hvar Hvar (; Chakavian: ''Hvor'' or ''For''; ; ; ) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off the Dalmatian coast, lying between the islands of Brač, Vis (island), Vis and Korčula. Approximately long, with a high east–west ridge of M ...
File:Grey Mantis.JPG, Adult male ''Iris oratoria'' from
Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...
File:Iris oratoria01.jpg, Adult male ''Iris oratoria'' File:Iris oratoria TPopp.jpg, ''Iris oratoria'' from Zoologische Staatssammlung München


See also

* Stagmomantis * Pseudomantis albofimbriata *
List of mantis genera and species The following list of mantis genera and species is based on the "Mantodea Species File", which is the primary reference for the taxonomy shown here. The insect Order (biology), order Mantodea consists of over 2,400 species of mantises in about 460 ...


Bibliography

* *


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2708969 Tarachodidae Mantodea of Europe Fauna of Greece Fauna of Italy Fauna of Spain Insects described in 1758 Mantodea of Asia Mantodea of North America Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus