''Iris iberica'' is a plant species in the genus ''

Iris Iris most often refers to: *Iris (anatomy), part of the eye * Iris (color), an ambiguous color term *Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess * ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants * Iris (given name), a feminine given name, and a list of peopl ...

'', it is also in the subgenus ''

'' and in the section ''Oncocyclus''. It is a

rhizomatous In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...

perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...

, from the

Caucasus Mountains The Caucasus Mountains * * Azerbaijani: , * * * * * * * * * * * is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Stretching between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, they are surrounded by the Caucasus region ...

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

, eastern

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...

, and western

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental and landlocked country at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by ...

. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background (white, cream or pale blue) covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of ''Iris iberica'' subsp. ''elegantissima'' and ''Iris iberica'' subsp. ''lycotis''. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

Description

It is similar to '' Iris susiana'', apart from its leaf and flower form.William Robinson It is classed as an Mezo-

xerophyte A xerophyte () is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water. Examples of xerophytes include cacti, pineapple and some gymnosperm plants. The morphology and physiology of xerophytes are adapted to ...

, (meaning they like intermediate dry conditions.) or

xeric Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (Ancient Greek 'dry') shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this habita ...

species (similar to '' Seseli grandivittatum'', '' Thymus tiflisiensis'', '' Scorzonera eriosperma'' and '' Tulipa eichleri'').George Nakhutsrishvili It has a slender,Richard Lynch and compact rhizome,James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) British Iris Society (1997) that is not stoloniferous, but up to 1.5 cm in diameter. They have 4–6 leaves, that are glaucous, grey-green,Christopher Brickell (Editor-in-chief) and falcate, (sickle shaped) or curved. They can grow up to between long, and are narrow, being between 0.2 and 0.6 cm wide. The leaves start to grow in Autumn (near to September), after a summer rest period after flowering. It has a short, slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between tall. The stem has a green, lanceolate, membranous, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are variable is size, between 3 mm and 5 cm long. The stems hold a solitary, terminal (top of stem) flower, blooming in late spring, between March and May.Peter Nasmyth In the UK, it blooms later between May and June. The flowers can last between 120 and 145 days before fading. The flowers are in diameter, they are described as big and flouncy. The very variable, bi-coloured flowers, have a white, silvery white, cream, or pale bluish background, with heavily stippled, spotted or veined in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon, or purple-brown. Some forms can have a lilac background. Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large

sepals A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

(outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of ve ...

), known as the 'standards'. The falls are spoon-shaped, or obovate (rounded), and reflexed, or concave. They are long, and 2.7–6.5 cm wide. In the center of the falls, is a velvet-like, dark, deep rich purple, black-purple, brown, or blackish blotch or signal patch. Also, in the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are brown, or purplish brown. The pale standards, are round, or orbicular, and long. They are normally less veined than the falls, or have paler veining. It has style branches that are as long as the falls, brown and long, with scalloped lobes. The perianth tube is 2–3.5 cm long/ After the iris has flowered, in June, it produces a seed capsule, which is long, and 2–2.5 cm wide. The capsule holds 56–60 wrinkled seeds, which are about 0.5 cm in diameter. Only between 10 and 30% of the seeds are fertile.

Biochemistry

As most irises are

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, ...

, having two sets of

chromosomes A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most importa ...

, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=20, counted by Delauney in 1928. Then by Marc Simonet in 1932 and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977. It has an unnamed

alkaloid Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large varie ...

(as of 1961), contained within its rhizome.

Taxonomy

''Iris iberica'' is pronounced as ''EYE-ris eye-BEER-ee-kuh'', and is commonly known as ''Iberian Iris'', or ''Georgian Iris''. One reference mistakenly lists its common name as 'Chalcedonian iris', but this is normally used for ''Iris susiana''. The Latin

specific epithet In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...

''iberica'' refers to ''ibericus'' -a -um, coming from the Georgian Caucasus, or eastern Turkey. It was originally found in

Transcaucasus The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, ...

, and it was first published and described by

Georg Franz Hoffmann Georg Franz Hoffmann was a German Botany, botanist and lichenology, lichenologist. He was born on 13 January 1760 in Marktbreit, Germany, and died on 17 March 1826 in Moscow, Russia. Professional career After graduating from the University of Er ...

in Vol.1 page 41 of ''Commentationes Societatis Physico-Medicae apud Universitatem Litteratum Caesaream Mosquensem Institutae'' (Commentat. Soc. Phys.-Med. Univ. Litt. Caes. Mosq.), published in Moscow in 1808. Although a few references state it was published by

Steven Stephen or Steven is an English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the firs ...

in Fl. Taur.-Caucas. Vol.1 on page 30 in 1808, as ''Iris iberica'' Steven.John James Willaman and Bernice Schubert It was also published as ''Iris iberica'' in Gartenflora page3 in 1863, then in

Curtis's Botanical Magazine ''The Botanical Magazine; or Flower-Garden Displayed'', is an illustrated publication which began in 1787. The longest running botanical magazine, it is widely referred to by the subsequent name ''Curtis's Botanical Magazine''. Each of the issue ...

Table 5847 in 1870 and Revue Horticole Vol.45 page 370 on 1 October 1873. Due to its variability of form, it has two known subspecies, ''Iris iberica'' ssp. ''elegantissima'', (grows 20–30 cm in height with flowers 10 cm in diameter having a cream or pale yellow ground colour), and ''Iris iberica'' ssp. ''lycotis''. Another known subspecies is ''Iris iberica'' subsp. ''iberica'', but this name is also used for the standard form of the iris as well. In between ''I. iberica'' and ''I. iberica'' ssp. ''lycotis'' are a large range of forms. It was verified by

United States Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is an executive department of the United States federal government that aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and producti ...

and the

Agricultural Research Service The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with ext ...

on 4 April 2003, then changed on 1 December 2004. It is listed in the

Encyclopedia of Life The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It aggregates content to form "pages" for every known species. Content is compiled from existing trusted ...

, and in the

Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...

as ''Iris iberica'' Steven. ''Iris iberica'' is an accepted name by the RHS.

Distribution and habitat

It is

native Native may refer to: People * '' Jus sanguinis'', nationality by blood * '' Jus soli'', nationality by location of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Nat ...

to temperate Asia.

Range

''I. iberica'' and its subspecies comes from a wide range across the Caucasus Mountains, although ''I. iberica'' subsp. ''elegantissima'' is found in eastern

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

from near the

n border to

Lake Van Lake Van (; ; ) is the largest lake in Turkey. It lies in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in the provinces of Van Province, Van and Bitlis Province, Bitlis, in the Armenian highlands. It is a Salt lake, saline Soda lake, soda lake, receiv ...

. ''I. iberica'' subsp. ''lycotis'' is found in north western

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

near

Hakkari Hakkari or Hakkâri may refer to: *Hakkari (historical region), a historical region in modern-day Turkey and Iraq *Hakkâri (city), a city and the capital of Hakkâri Province, Turkey *Hakkâri Province Hakkâri Province (, ; ), is a province i ...

on the Iranian border and southern Armenia on the Iranian border. ''I. iberica'' itself is found only in eastern Georgia, (near

Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი, ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), ( ka, ტფილისი, tr ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia ( ...

,) Armenia, and western Azerbaijan.

Habitat

It grows on the dry grasslands of the

steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the tropical and subtropica ...

s, or on the dry stony slopes of the lower mountain belt. It grows on steppes of Georgia with various spear grass communities (including ''

Stipa pulcherrima ''Stipa pulcherrima'', golden feather grass is a bisexual flowering plant in the family Poaceae. Description It is high, while its eciliate membrane is long. Its leaf-blades are erect, conduplicated, and sometimes ascend. They are long and a ...

'', ''

Stipa lessingiana ''Stipa lessingiana'', called Lessing feather grass, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Stipa'', found in steppes from Greece east to Mongolia, including the countries bordering the Black and Caspian Seas, Central Asia, western Siberi ...

'', '' Stipa pontica'' and ''

Stipa capillata ''Stipa capillata'' is a perennial bunchgrass species in the family Poaceae, native to Europe and Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square ki ...

''), with scattered shrubs of red juniper and berberis. They can be found at an altitude of , or above sea level.

Conservation

The iris is rare and endangered species, and was listed in the Red Book of the USSR, (in ) and on the

Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological sp ...

of Georgia. Although, it was not included in the first edition of the Red Data Book of Armenia, (published in 1988,) or also not included in the Annexes of CITES and that of the Bern Convention. It is thought to be close to being

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

in Armenia, due to the effects of land development, in Georgia it was fairly common in selected sites, but has been picked and sold in markets, which has affected the iris populations. It is also affected by loss of habitat due to human activity.

Cultivation

'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are generally harder to grow than 'Regelia Section' irises. ''I. iberica'' is

hardy Hardy may refer to: People * Hardy (surname) * Hardy (given name) * Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter Places Antarctica * Mount Hardy, Enderby Land * Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island * Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands Australia * Hardy, ...

to European Zone 4, (meaning hardy to . This includes parts of Europe, where it can be planted in a sunny, rock garden position, in sandy soil. Although it grows best within a cold frame or

alpine house A greenhouse is a structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass an ...

. In order to protect the iris from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season. They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation. It can suffer from

aphids Aphids are small sap-sucking insects in the Taxonomic rank, family Aphididae. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white Eriosomatinae, woolly ...

, viruses and rots. ''I. iberica'' is affected by fungal '' Puccinia iridis''. It is also the host plant of '' Mononychus schoenherrii'' Kolenati (a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the

larvae A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect developmental biology, development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typical ...

feed on the seed and then

pupa A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages th ...

tes. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for

aestivation Aestivation ( (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered m ...

(summer dormancy) and

hibernation Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic reduction entered by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It is mos ...

. A specimen of the iris can be found in the Herbarium Hookerianum within the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,10 ...

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves. Oncoyclus irises dislike division, but it should only be carried out when the plant is overcrowded. Although hand pollination and germinating seedlings gives better results.

Hybrids and cultivars

''I. iberica'' has been used to make many various hybrids and cultivars. Most hybrids are

sterile Sterile or sterility may refer to: *Asepsis, a state of being free from biological contaminants * Sterile (archaeology), a sediment deposit which contains no evidence of human activity *Sterilization (microbiology), any process that eliminates or ...

, only one hybrid produced a second generation seedling, that was from ''I. iberica'' x ''

Iris pallida ''Iris pallida'', the Dalmatian iris or sweet iris, is a hardy flowering perennial plant of the genus '' Iris'', family Iridaceae. It is native to the Dalmatian coast (Croatia) but widely naturalised elsewhere. It is a member of the subgenus '' I ...

'', produced by Professor M. Foster. Mr Foster was one of the first to breed several hybrids, including ''Iris parabid'' is a hybrid between ''I. Iberica'' and ''

Iris paradoxa ''Iris paradoxa'' is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, viol ...

'', ''I. ibpall'' (''I. iberica'' x ''

''), ''I. ibvar'' (''I. iberica'' x ''

Iris variegata ''Iris variegata'', commonly known as the Hungarian iris, is a plant species in the genus ''Iris'', also in the subgenus ''Iris''. It is a rhizomatous perennial from eastern Europe. It has dark green, ribbed leaves. The branched flowering stems c ...

''), and ''I. iberica'' x ''Iris susiana'' and ''I. susiana'' x ''I. iberica''. The hybrids are very free flowering similar to '' Iris germanica''.William Wilks (Editor) Cornelius Gerrit Van Tubergen jr of

Haarlem Haarlem (; predecessor of ''Harlem'' in English language, English) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the Provinces of the Nether ...

in Holland was another major breeder of irises, including ''I. iberica'' x ''Iris germanica'' macrantha which produced a large (6 in) blue flower with a black blue signal spot, but he found the irises need the dry baking heat in summer, so they do not freely produce flowers in Europe. Other ''I. iberica'' crosses include; ''Iris susiana'' X ''I. iberica'': 'Charcoal Grey', and 'Van Houteii'. '' Iris lortetii'' X ''I. Iberica'': 'Iberian Gem', 'Mustapha Kemal', and 'Shah-Shah' (Soft cream white standards; cream falls, stippled and dotted dark henna, black signal). ''I. iberica'' X '' Iris sari'': 'Iblup'. ''I. iberica'' and ''Iris paradoxa'': 'Koenigii'. ''I. iberica'' X Onco-hybrid: 'Indigent Arab' (Silver grey ground with light brown veining, falls heavily veined brown, small dark brown signal), and 'Ord Mountain' (Grey standards, heavily veined and dotted dark red brown; near black falls in center with grey ground speckling at hafts and on edge, it is a collected natural hybrid of ''Iris lycotis'', X Iris 'Vulcan's Forge'). Oncocyclus Hybrid X ''I. iberica'': 'Judas' (White standards, veined and flushed greyed purple; white falls, almost completely obscured by coarse veining and speckling of greyed purple, large black violet signal, C. G. White W-201 X ''I. iberica''). '' Iris korolkowii'' X ''I. iberica'' crosses; 'Agatha', 'Aglaia' (with purple, silver/grey and violet blooms), 'Antigone' (with black, lavender and violet blooms), 'Belisane' (''I. korolkowii'' var. concolor X ''I. iberica'' 'Van Houtteii'), 'Bianca' (''I. korolkowii'' var. concolor X ''I. iberica''), 'Dardanus' (Violet standards; buff violet falls, veined darker, ''I. korolkowii'' concolor X ''I. iberica''), 'Eunice' (''I. korolkowii'' var. concolor X ''I. iberica''), 'Eva' (''I. korolkowii'' X ''I. iberica''), 'Hecate' (''Iris korolkowi'' violacea x ''I. iberica''), 'Iphigenia' (blue blooms), 'Irene' (white blooms), 'Isis' (''I. korolkowii'' var. violacea X ''I. iberica''), 'Ismene', 'Jocaste', 'Leucothea' (''I. korolkowii'' var. concolor X ''I. iberica''), 'Mars', 'Persephone' (lavender blooms), 'Polyhymnia' (''I. korolkowii'' var. violacea X ''I. iberica''), 'Psyche' (Black, lavender, silver/grey, wine blooms) 'Sophrosyne' (''I. korolkowii'' var. violacea X ''I. iberica''), 'Teucros' (''I. korolkowii'' var. concolor X ''I. iberica'', silver lilac, veined dark maroon), 'Urania' (''I. korolkowii'' var. violacea X ''I. iberica'', wine coloured blooms), and 'Venus' (''I. korolkowii'' var. violacea X ''I. iberica'', yellow blooms). Other known hybrids include;''Iris iberica'' X ''Iris pallida'' crosses; 'Dilkash', 'Giran', 'Ismali', 'Mestor', 'Pandora', 'Shiraz' (has wine coloured blooms), 'Shirin', 'Sir Dighton Probyn', 'Sir Trevor Lawrence', and 'Vulcan'. ''Iris pallida'' X ''Iris iberica'' : 'Nazarin', 'Nefert', 'Semele'. unknown and Iris iberica: 'Dusky Nomad' (Grey standards, heavily veined dark purple; falls same but darker, dark signal, a natural hybrid collected by J. Archibald in Persian Azerbaijan) affiliated with ''Iris lycotis''). ''I. iberica'' X '' Iris cengialti'' : 'Dorak', ''Iris iberica'' X ''Iris germanica'' : 'Ib-Mac'. ''Iris iberica'' X Iris 'Ricardi' (a form of '' Iris mesopotamica'' mixed with '' Iris cypriana'') : 'Ib-Ric' (wine coloured blooms). ''Iris iberica'' X '' Iris trojana'' : 'Ib-Troy'. '' ''I. camaeiris'' alba'' X ''I. iberica'': 'Monsieur Steichen'. Known ''Iris iberica'' cultivars include: 'Bellii' (dark lilac standards), 'Elegantissima', 'Heterochroa', 'Iberica Aurea', 'Iberica Cremea', 'Iberica Flavissima', 'Iberica Ochracea' (falls of ochraceous brown colour), 'Iberica Van Houtteii', 'Insignis', Lycotis, 'Lycotis Magnifica', 'Lycotis Pardus', 'Lycotis Typica', 'Pantera', 'Perryana' (flowers smaller than the type, with pale lilac standards), 'Robudtasorun', 'Robusta', 'Rustavi' (found in

Rustavi Rustavi ( ka, რუსთავი ) is a city in the southeast of Georgia, in the region of Kvemo Kartli and southeast of capital Tbilisi. It has a population of 127,154 (January 2024), making it the third most populous city in Georgia. Its eco ...

region, has pale standards, deep chocolate veins and coffee coloured signal patch). and 'Van Houttei'.

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske

References

Sources

* Czerepanov, S. K. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). 1995 (L USSR) * Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965–1988 (F Turk) * Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934–1964 (F USSR) * Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 52–53. * Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963– (F Iran)

External links

Image of Georgian Iris from the Caucasus
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q4203233 iberica Plants described in 1808 Garden plants Flora of the Caucasus Flora of Georgia (country) Flora of Armenia Flora of Azerbaijan