Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI, National Institute of Industry) was a Spanish

state-owned State ownership, also called public ownership or government ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, property, or enterprise by the national government of a country or state, or a public body representing a community, as opposed to ...

financing and industrial

holding company A holding company is a company whose primary business is holding a controlling interest in the Security (finance), securities of other companies. A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself. Its purpose is to own Share ...

established in

Francoist Spain Francoist Spain (), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (), or Nationalist Spain () was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death i ...

for the development of industry and social control. It was succeeded by the Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) in 1995.

History

The INI was established on 25 September 1941 with a starting capital of fifty million pesetas. It aimed to promote the development of Spanish industry and the self-sufficiency of the Spanish economy. It aimed to overturn the effects of the devastation caused by the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...

by carrying out in Spain functions similar to those of the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) in Italy. Despite its inefficiencies, INI was instrumental in moving the mostly underdeveloped primary-sector-focused closed Spain of the 1940s to the booming Spain of the 1960s and early 1970s of the so-called Spanish miracle. To achieve its goal, INI either financed on its own or directed private funds to the creation of the country's fundamental industries under the spirit of the national interest and

autarky Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems. Autarky as an ideology or economic approach has been attempted by a range of political ideologies and movement ...

. Although its first acts ended in failure (e.g., Adaro), INI soon turned itself into the biggest industrial conglomerate of Spain. INI included a broad range of companies, from heavy and basic industries to "soft" services, most of them with E.N., standing for Empresa Nacional (National Corporation), in their names. Among them were: Ensidesa (Empresa Nacional Siderúrgica S.A.)– Aceralia (steel),

Enasa ENASA (Empresa Nacional de Autocamiones S.A.) was a Spanish motor vehicle manufacturing company that was incorporated in 1946 after having bought the automotive assets of the Spanish Hispano-Suiza and the Italian Fiat in Spain. It produced trucks ...

(Empresa Nacional de Autocamiones S.A.)–

Pegaso Pegaso (, "Pegasus") was a Spanish manufacturer of trucks, buses, tractors, armored vehicles, and, for a while, to train apprentices, and have a good brand image, some sports cars. The parent company, Enasa, was created in 1946 and based in t ...

(trucks),

SEAT A seat is a place to sit. The term may encompass additional features, such as back, armrest, head restraint but may also refer to concentrations of power in a wider sense (i.e " seat (legal entity)"). See disambiguation. Types of seat The ...

(Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo; cars), INH (Instituto Nacional de Hidrocarburos)–

Repsol Repsol S.A.
El Nuevo Herald, 2012-05-31Originally an init ...

(Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras Oil; oil and gas), ENCE (Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España) (

cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the chemical formula, formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of glycosidic bond, β(1→4) linked glucose, D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important s ...

biofuel Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from Biomass (energy), biomass, rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels such as oil. Biofuel can be produced from plants or from agricu ...

s), ENDASA (Empresa Nacional de Aluminio S.A.; aluminium),

Endesa Endesa, S.A. (, originally an initialism for ''Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A''.) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, ...

(Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A.; power), ENFERSA (Empresa Nacional de Fertilizantes S.A.; fertilizers), E.N. Calvo Sotelo (petrochemicals), E.N. Bazán–ASTANO ( Astilleros y Talleres del Noroeste)–

Navantia Navantia is a Spanish state-owned shipbuilding enterprise dedicated to civil and military naval construction, the design of deep-tech systems and the manufacture of structures for the renewable energy sector, such as offshore wind or hydrogen. ...

(naval shipyards), Astilleros Españoles–AESA (civilian shipyards), E.N. Santa Bárbara (weapons), E.N. Elcano (merchant shipping line), ATESA (Autotransporte Turístico Español S.A.; operator), ENTURSA (Empresa Nacional de Turismo S.A.; tourism) and others. INI also assisted mergers and integration, including of private enterprises, like the airlines

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, compri ...

(Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España S.A.) and Aviaco (Aviación y Comercio), and the aircraft manufacturer CASA (Construcciones Aeronáuticas S.A.). It absorbed failed companies in order to service debt, among other purposes. In the mid-to late 1970s, (Hulleras del Norte S.A.), a large Asturian coal mining conglomerate, and Compañía Transatlántica Española (CTE) were among the non-functional companies that were integrated into the Instituto Nacional de Industria. However, there were other Spanish state owned companies such as Campsa (Compañía Arrendataria del Monopolio de Petróleos S.A.;

filling station A filling station (also known as a gas station [] or petrol station []) is a facility that sells fuel and engine lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold are gasoline (or petrol) and diesel fuel. Fuel dispensers are used to ...

s),

RENFE Renfe (, ), officially Renfe-Operadora, is Spain's national state-owned railway company. It was created in 2005 upon the split of the former Spanish National Railway Network (RENFE) into the Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias ( ...

(Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles; railways),

RTVE The Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (; ), known as Radiotelevisión Española (''Spanish Radio and Television'', RTVE), is the Spanish national public Broadcasting, television and radio broadcaster. It is a state-owned enterprise f ...

(

public broadcaster Public broadcasting (or public service broadcasting) is radio, television, and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service with a commitment to avoiding political and commercial influence. Public broadcasters receive ...

Tabacalera Tabacalera was a Spanish tobacco company incorporated on March 5, 1945. In 1999, the company merged with SEITA of France to form Altadis which was later purchased by Imperial Tobacco. Its brands included Ducados and Fortuna Fortuna (, eq ...

(tobacco), or

Telefónica , S.A. () is a Spanish multinational telecommunications company with registered office and headquarters located in two different places, both in Madrid, Spain. It is one of the largest telephone operators and mobile network providers in the ...

(Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España; telecommunications) that were never under INI's control. In the 1980s, when the Spanish economy was fully opened to international trade and joined the

European Economic Community The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbo ...

, INI lost its . Most of its companies were privatized in the 1980s and early 1990s. In this process, ENSIDESA was taken over by

Arcelor Arcelor S.A. was the world's largest steel producer in terms of turnover and the second largest in terms of steel output, with a turnover of €30.2 billion and shipments of 45 million metric tons of steel in 2004. The company was created in 2002 ...

, SEAT by

Volkswagen Group Volkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German public multinational conglomerate manufacturer of passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines and turbomachinery. Headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxon ...

, ENASA by

Iveco Iveco S.p.A., an acronym for Industrial Vehicles Corporation, is an Italian multinational transport vehicle manufacturing company with headquarters in Turin, Italy. It designs and builds light, medium, and heavy Commercial vehicle, commercial veh ...

, Calvo Sotelo by Repsol, and so on. Others, including ENDESA and Iberia, have kept their independence. In 1992 INI was entitled to create a new holding company (''Sociedad Anónima'') over which it would pass all shares owned in every company's capital it had still participated. The new company named , which was founded on July 4 of the same year, merged into Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) in 1996 and the latter has practically disposed the totality of its owned shares with the exception of HUNOSA and a few other industries. In 1995 the INI was abolished.

Presidents

The chairmen of the INI were as follows: *

Juan Antonio Suanzes Juan Antonio Suanzes Fernández (20 May 1891 – 6 December 1977) was a Spanish naval engineer. Before the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he directed a shipyard. During the civil war he offered his services to the Nationalist side, and was made M ...

(1941–1963) * José Sirvent (1963–1969) * Julio Calleja (1969–1970) * Claudio Boada (1970–1974) *

Francisco Fernández Ordóñez Francisco Fernández Ordóñez (22 June 1930 – 7 August 1992) was a Spanish politician who was the minister of foreign affairs in the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) government of Felipe González from 1985 until shortly before his de ...

(1974) * Juan Carlos Guerra Zunzunegui (1974–1975) * José Miguel Antoñanzas (1975–1977) * Francisco Giménez Torres (1977–1978) * José Miguel de la Rica (1978–1981) * Carlos Bustelo (1981–1982) * Enrique Moya (1982–1984) * Luis Carlos Croissier (1984–1986) *

Claudio Aranzadi José Claudio Aranzadi Martínez (born 9 October 1946) is a Spanish engineer, businessman and politician. He served as industry minister from 1988 to 1993. Early life and education Aranzadi was born in Bilbao on 9 October 1946. He holds a bache ...

(1986–1988) * Jordi Mercader (1988–1990) * Javier Salas (1990–1995)

References

Bibliography

* Laruelo Rueda, E. (2005
"Fondos históricos del INI"
Centro de Documentación, Arhivo General del SEPI. * Martín Aceña, P. et Comín, F. (1991) "INI: 50 Años de Industrialización en España". Espasa Calpe. {{Authority control Economic history of Spain SEAT Government of Francoist Spain Holding companies established in 1941 Financial services companies established in 1941 1995 disestablishments in Spain Financial services companies disestablished in 1995 Holding companies disestablished in 1995 Spanish companies established in 1941 Government-owned companies of Spain