The Immigration Restriction League was an American nativist and anti-immigration organization founded by Charles Warren, Robert DeCourcy Ward, and Prescott F. Hall in 1894. According to Erika Lee, in 1894 the old stock Yankee upper-class founders of the League were, "convinced that Anglo-Saxon traditions, peoples, and culture were being drowned in a flood of racially inferior foreigners from Southern and Eastern Europe." Established during a period of increasing anti-immigration sentiment in the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

, the League was founded by Boston Brahmins such as Henry Cabot Lodge with the purpose of preventing immigrants from

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountain ...

and

Southern Europe Southern Europe is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, C ...

from immigrating to the US due to a belief that they were racially inferior to

Northern Europe The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54th parallel north, 54°N, or may be based on other ge ...

ans and

Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the Western half of the ancient Mediterranean ...

ans. The League argued that the American way of life was threatened by immigration from these regions, and lobbied Washington to pass anti-immigration legislation restricting the entry of what they perceived as "undesirable" immigrants in order to uphold Old Stock Americans hegemony. The league was founded in Boston, and soon had branches in New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. It attracted hundreds of prominent scholars and philanthropists and other establishment figures, mostly from the New England social and academic elite. An umbrella group, the National Association of Immigration Restriction Leagues was created in 1896, and one of the founders of the original League, Prescott F. Hall, served as its general secretary from 1896 until his death in 1921. The League used books, pamphlets, meetings, and numerous newspaper and journal articles to promote their campaign of anti-immigration and eugenics. As the first American anti-immigrant think tank, the League also started to employ lobbyists in Washington after 1900 and built a broad anti-immigrant coalition consisting of patriotic societies, farmers' associations, Southern and New England legislators, and eugenicists who supported the League's goals. Active in lobbying for the passage of what became the Immigration Act of 1917, the League disbanded after Hall's death in 1921.

Demands

Numerical limitation

On April 8, 1918, the League introduced a bill into the Congress to increase the restriction of immigration by means of numerical limitation. The goal of this bill, called "An Act to regulate the immigration of aliens to, and the residence in, the United States," was to reduce as much as possible the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe while increasing the number of immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who the League thought were people with kindred values. The bill provided for these reductions:

Increase of the duty on alien passengers

The bill asked for an increase of the duty paid by alien passengers to enter the United States from two to five dollars. It excluded the citizens of the United States,

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

, and

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

. The League demanded an increase in duty in order to properly support and maintain the inspection and deportation of immigrants. Among other things, the funds obtained from the increase in duty would be used for: * Enlargement of immigrant stations * The development and perfecting of the service along the Mexico–US and Canada–US borders. * More immigration inspectors * Enlarged immigration office facilities With this bill, the League also hoped to diminish the immigration of people from the poorer countries, who were considered less beneficial for the United States.

Additions to the excluded classes

The National Conference on Immigration, held in New York, proposed to add imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, and epileptics to the excluded classes. Persons of poor physique were more susceptible to diseases because of the unsanitary places where they lived. The Bill also demanded an extension of fines to

steamship A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships ...

companies for bringing imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, insane persons or epileptics into the US.

Prevention of unlawful landing

Previously, transportation companies were only asked to exercise care not to transport illegal immigrants into the United States when returning home from Europe. This bill ordered transportation companies to prevent the landing of "undesirable aliens".

Deportation of public charges

It was a law that would allow deportation of immigrants who entered the United States in violation of law and those becoming public charges from causes arising prior to their landing. Furthermore, it stated that the company that provided the transportation of such individuals would pay half the cost of their removal to the port of deportation.

Literacy test

The IRL made common cause with blue collar workers in labor unions in advocating a literacy requirement as a means to limit poorly-educated immigrants who would lower the wage scale. Potential immigrants had to be able to read their own language. Congress passed the literacy bill for the first time in 1896, which set the ability to read at least 40 words in any

language Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed language, signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing syste ...

as a requirement for admission to the United States. President

Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, serving from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. He was the first U.S. president to serve nonconsecutive terms and the first Hist ...

vetoed that bill in 1897. President William Taft also vetoed a literacy test in 1913. Again in 1915, President

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to serve as president during the Prog ...

vetoed such a bill. But in 1917 Congress overrode Wilson's veto and instituted the first literacy requirement for naturalization as part of the Immigration Act of 1917. The law stated that immigrants over 16 years of age should read 30 to 80 words in ordinary use in any language. The test however proved to be largely irrelevant, as literacy rates by the late 1910s had improved dramatically in southern and Eastern Europe.

Notable members and officers

* George F. Edmunds, founding member * John Fiske, founding member * Frank B. Gary * Madison Grant, vice president * Prescott Farnsworth Hall, executive secretary * Henry Holt, publisher * Joseph Lee, vice president * Henry Cabot Lodge, senator * Robert Treat Paine, founding member * James H. Patten, secretary in Washington, D.C. * Nathaniel Shaler, founding member * Francis Amasa Walker, vice president * Robert DeCourcy Ward, founder * Owen Wister, novelist

References

Sources

Primary sources

* Robert DeC. Ward
"Open Letters: An Immigration Restriction League"
in ''The Century'', v. 49 (1895), 639–40, accessed Jan. 3, 2010 * United States Department of State

accessed Jan. 3, 2010 * Harvard University Library
Constitution of the Immigration Restriction League
accessed Jan. 3, 2010 * Immigration Restriction League

Boston, Massachusetts: Immigration Restriction League 189– * Howard B. Grose

New York: Young People's Missionary Movement, c. 1906 * Prescott Farnsworth Hall
''Immigration and Its Effects upon the United States''
New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1906

Secondary sources

* Barkan, Elliott Robert. ''And Still They Come: Immigrants and American Society, 1920 to the 1990s'' (Harlan Davidson, 1996), * Decker, Julio. "Citizenship and its Duties: The Immigration Restriction League as Progressive Movement", in ''Immigrants & Minorities'', v. 32, 2 (2014), 162–182 * Decker, Julio. "The Transnational Biopolitics of Whiteness and Immigration Restriction in the United States, 1894–1924", in Norbert Finzsch, Ursula Lehmkuhl, Eva Bischoff (eds.): ''Provincializing the United States: Colonialism, Decolonization and (Post)Colonial Governance in Transnational Perspective'', (2014) 121–153 * Gratton, Brian. "Race or Politics? Henry Cabot Lodge and the Origins of the Immigration Restriction Movement in the United States." ''Journal of Policy History'' 30.1 (2018): 128–157. * Higham, John. "Origins of immigration restriction, 1882-1897: A social analysis." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 39.1 (1952): 77–88
online
* Higham, John. ''Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (Rutgers University Press, 1955) * Lee, Erika. ''America for Americans a history of xenophobia in the United States'' (2019
excerpt
* McSeveney, Samuel. "Immigrants, the Literacy Test, and Quotas: Selected American History College Textbooks' Coverage of the Congressional Restriction of European Immigration, 1917–1929," in ''The History Teacher'', v. 21 (1987), 41–51 * Solomon, Barbara Miller. ''Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition'' (1956), the standard history of the League * Tichenor, Daniel J. ''Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America'' (2002) * Vought, Hans P. ''The Bully Pulpit and the Melting Pot'' (Mercer University Press, 2004), External links: * Harvard College Library
Immigration Restriction League (U.S.) records
* Eugenics Archive