Feroze Jung III or Nizam Shahabuddin Muhammad Feroz Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi also known by his sobriquet Imad-ul-Mulk, was the grand vizier of the

Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to ...

. He was the son of

Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II Intizam-ud-Daula, Ghazi ud-Din Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi Feroze Jung II (13 March 1708 – 16 October 1752) was the eldest son of Asaf Jah I Mir Qamaruddin Khan Siddiqi. He was born on 13 March 1709, his mother is Sa'id un-Nisa Begum, the daughter o ...

and a grandson of the founder of the

Asaf Jahi dynasty The Asaf Jahi is a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Hyderabad State. The family came to India in the late 17th century and became employees of the Mughal Empire. They were great patrons of Indo-Persian culture, language, and literature, and the ...

Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi (11 August 16711 June 1748) also known as Chin Qilich Qamaruddin Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah and Nizam I, was the first Nizam of Hyderabad. He began his career during the reign of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, w ...

. An oriental biographical dictionary: founded on materials collected by the late Thomas William Beale;2nd Edition; Publisher:W.H. Allen, 1894; page 143 After the death of his father in 1752, he was recommended by Nawab

Safdar Jung Wazir-ul-Mamalik-e-Hindustan Asaf Jah Jamat-ul-Mulk Shuja-ud-Daula Nawab Abul Mansur Khan Bahadur Safdar Jang Sipah Salar (c. 1708 – 5 October 1754), better known as Safdar Jang, was the second Nawab of Kingdom of Awadh succeeding Saadat Ali ...

to be appointed as ''

Mir Bakhshi The ''Bakhshi'' () in the Mughal Empire denoted a number of hierarchical government officials, typically involved with military administration and intelligence. The offices were introduced during the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar. ''Bakhshis'' we ...

'' (Pay Master General) and received the titles of Amir ul-Umara (Noble of Nobles) and Imad ul-Mulk (Pillar of the Nation). A controversial figure, Imad is well known for deposing, imprisoning and blinding

Mughal emperor The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in ...

Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ahmad Shah Bahadur, also known as Mirza Ahmad Shah or Mujahid-ud-Din Ahmad Shah Ghazi (23 December 1725 – 1 January 1775), was the fourteenth Mughal emperor, born to Emperor Muhammad Shah. He succeeded his father to the throne in 1748, at ...

, assassinating emperor

Alamgir II Mirza Aziz-ud-Din Muhammad (June 6, 1699 – November 29, 1759), better known by his regnal name Alamgir II, was the fifteenth Mughal Empire, Mughal emperor from 1754 to 1759. He was the son of Jahandar Shah. Born Mirza Aziz-ud-Din, the secon ...

, and torturing their family members including future emperor

Shah Alam II Shah Alam II (; 25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806), also known by his birth name Ali Gohar, or Ali Gauhar, was the seventeenth Mughal emperor and the son of Alamgir II. Shah Alam II became the emperor of a crumbling Mughal Empire. His power w ...

. He was declared to be an apostate by various

Islamic scholar In Islam, the ''ulama'' ( ; also spelled ''ulema''; ; singular ; feminine singular , plural ) are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. They are considered the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam. "Ulama ...

s, including

Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Qutb ud-Din Ahmad ibn ʿAbd-ur-Rahim al-ʿUmari ad-Dehlawi (‎; 1703–1762), commonly known as Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (also Shah Wali Allah), was an Islamic Sunni scholar and Sufi reformer, who contributed to Islamic revival in the Indian s ...

, and

Durrani The Durrānī (, ), formerly known as Abdālī (), are one of the largest Pashtun tribes, tribal confederation of Pashtuns. Their traditional homeland is in southern Afghanistan (Loy Kandahar region), straddling into Toba Achakzai in Balochistan, ...

emperor

Ahmad Shah Abdali Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought ov ...

Early life and rise to power

Feroz Jung was raised under the scrutiny and austerity of his father Ghazi ud-Din, spending his days under the care of tutors and mullahs, and allowed the company of only eunuchs on Fridays. He was never allowed to mix with children of his own age or attend performances by musicians or dancing girls. He was appointed to the Mughal court by his father Feroze Jung II in 1752. The historian

William Dalrymple William Benedict Hamilton-Dalrymple (born 20 March 1965) is a Delhi-based Scottish people, Scottish historian and art historian, as well as a curator, broadcaster and critic. He spends nine months of each year on his goat farm in India. He i ...

describes the result as a "precocious intellectual achievement...undermined by unbounded ambition and profound immorality that led to his turning on all who helped him, starting with his patron

Safdar Jang Wazir-ul-Mamalik-e-Hindustan Asaf Jah Jamat-ul-Mulk Shuja-ud-Daula Nawab Abul Mansur Khan Bahadur Safdar Jang Sipah Salar (c. 1708 – 5 October 1754), better known as Safdar Jang, was the second Nawab of Kingdom of Awadh succeeding Saadat Ali ...

." Safdar Jang, the

Nawab of Awadh The Nawab of Awadh or Nawab of Oudh was the title of the rulers of Kingdom of Awadh (anglicised as Oudh) in northern India during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Nawabs of Awadh belonged to an Iranian dynasty''Encyclopædia Iranica'', R. B. B ...

, and ''Wazir-ul-Malik-i-Hindustan'' (Prime Minister of Hindustan), had intervened to secure Feroz Jung's estates after the death of his father and had appointed him the imperial paymaster at the age of sixteen. The French military commander Jean Law described that Safdar Jang regarded Feroz Jung "like his own son and could scarcely have imaged that he was actually nursing a serpent at his breast." Emperor

chose Feroz Jung to counter the powerful Safdar Jang. He formed a coalition with Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech and

Qudsia Begum Qudsia Begum (dead 1768) was a wife of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah and mother of emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. She was early born an administrator and served as de facto regent from 1748 to 1754. Early years She had a brother named Man Khan. S ...

, the emperor's mother to outmaneuver Safdar Jang out of the court. According to Dalrymple, in 1753, a "civil war between the old vizier and his teenage replacement raged across the suburbs of the city for six months, from March to November, with the old and new cities of Delhi held by rival factions." Safdar Jang's

Old Delhi Shahjahanabad colloquially known as Old Delhi( Hindustani: ''Purāni Dillī'') is an area in the Central Delhi district of Delhi, India. It was founded as a walled city and officially named Shahjahanabad in 1648, when Shah Jahan decided to shi ...

stronghold was looted and destroyed, never to recover. According to the Mughal historian Ghulam Hussain Khan, "Old Delhi, which used to be even wealthier and populous than the new city, Shahjahanabad, was plundered and sacked so thoroughly that an infinity of people lost their consorts and children, and were totally ruined, besides numbers that were massacred." Safdar Jang would be forced to retreat to

Awadh Awadh (), known in British Raj historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a historical region in northern India and southern Nepal, now constituting the North-central portion of Uttar Pradesh. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient Kosala Regio ...

and would never recover, dying less a year later, due to the "shock and grief at his fall."

De facto emperor

Imad-ul-Mulk emerged as the de facto ruler of Delhi by calling on the

Marathas The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...

for help and instigating them to attack the

Jats The Jat people (, ), also spelt Jaat and Jatt, are a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India and Pakistan. Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh, many Jats migrated north into the Punjab region in ...

of Bharatpur. The

laid

siege A siege () . is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. Siege warfare (also called siegecrafts or poliorcetics) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict charact ...

over the Kumher fort on 1 January 1754 but were unable to overcome the resistance of

Suraj Mal Maharaja Suraj Mal (13 February 1707 – 25 December 1763), simply known as Suraj Mal, was a ruler of Bharatpur State in the present-day state of Rajasthan. Under him, Bharatpur State, a tributary of the House of Scindia, covered the present ...

. Imad-ul-Mulk had collected 1,500,000 ''dams'' but refused to pay salaries to the Mughal army and imperial officials, estranging him from the emperor. Ahmad Shah Bahadur declared the reinstatement of Safdar Jang as his Grand Vizier and tried to remove Imad-ul-Mulk from the imperial court. This caused him to send Aqibat Mahmud to arrest the emperor and then seek an alliance with the

Raghunath Rao Raghunathrao, also known as Ragho Ballal or Raghoba Dada (18 August 1734 – 11 December 1783), was the younger son of Peshwa Bajirao I who served as the 11th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire for a brief period from 1773 to 1774. He defeated ...

, the brother of Maratha

Peshwa The Peshwa was the second highest office in the Maratha Empire, next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati. Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom, the office became hereditary when Shahu gave t ...

Nanasabeb I.

Deposing Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur

The Marathas, aided by

Malhar Rao Holkar Malhar Rao Holkar (16 March 1693 – 20 May 1766) was a noble subedar of the Maratha Empire, in present-day India. He was one of the early officers along with Ranoji Scindia, appointed by Peshwa Bajirao I to help spread the Maratha rule to nort ...

, defeated Ahmad Shah Bahadur's army in what came to be known as Battle of Sikandrabad (1754) in May 1754 and captured members of the emperor's household, including 8,000 women. Ahmad Shah Bahadur fled toward Delhi while the ailing Safdar Jang fled to Awadh. Imad-ul-Mulk, with the support of Raghunath Rao, proceeded to Delhi, and deposed Ahmad Shah Bahadur on 2 June 1754 and imprisoned at the

Salimgarh Fort Salimgarh Fort (Salim's Fort) was built in 1546 AD, in Delhi, in a former island of the Yamuna River, by Islam Shah Suri, Salim Shah Suri, son of Sher Shah Suri. There was a pause in Mughal rule when in 1540 AD Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mugh ...

in December. Imad-ul-Mulk released Prince Aziz-ud-Din from prison and crowned him emperor with the

regnal name A regnal name, regnant name, or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede ...

Alamgir II. The 55-year-old prince had been in prison since 1714 when his father emperor

Jahandar Shah Jahandar Shah (Mirza Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan; 10 May 1661 – 11 February 1713) was briefly the ninth Mughal emperor from 1712 to 1713. He was the son of Emperor Bahadur Shah I, and the grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb. Jahandar Shah w ...

was overthrown by

Farrukhsiyar Farrukhsiyar (; 20 August 16839 April 1719), also spelled as Farrukh Siyar, was the tenth Mughal emperors, Mughal Emperor from 1713 to 1719. He rose to the throne after deposing his uncle Jahandar Shah. He was an emperor only in name, with all ...

. He had no experience of administration or warfare, serving as another puppet Mughal emperor with all power vested with Imad-ul-Mulk. He supposedly intercepted the secret dispatches from Ahmad Shah Bahadur to Suraj Mal where the imprisoned emperor promised to aid to the Jats if they continued to hold out against the Mughal army besieging Bharatpur. Imad-ul-Mulk made peace with Suraj Mal, returned to Delhi and had Ahmad Shah Bahadur and his mother Qudsia Begum blinded with hot needles.

Ahmad Shah Durrani's invasion

Afghan Afghan or Afgan may refer to: Related to Afghanistan *Afghans, historically refers to the Pashtun people. It is both an ethnicity and nationality. Ethnicity wise, it refers to the Pashtuns. In modern terms, it means both the citizens of Afghanist ...

emperor

Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought ov ...

invaded India for the fourth time in 1756, on the invitation of Mughlani Begum to defeat Sikh rebels in Punjab. They conquered the

Lahore Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and ...

Sirhind Sirhind is a Twin cities, twin city of Fatehgarh Sahib in Punjab, India, Punjab, India. It is hosts the municipal council of Fatehgarh Sahib district. Demographics In the 2011 census of India, 2011 census Sirhind-Fatehgarh had a population of ...

, Delhi,

Vrindavan Vrindavan (; ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban, is a historical city in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the Braj, Braj Bhoomi region and holds religious importance for Hindus who believe that Krishna, one of ...

and plundered

Mathura Mathura () is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the states and union territories of India, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located south-east of Delhi; and about from the town of Vrindavan. In ancient ti ...

. Ahmad Shah occupied Delhi in January 1757 and imprisoned emperor Alamgir II. He attempted to impose an alliance on the Mughals by marrying Hadrat Begum, the daughter of

Muhammad Shah Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah (born Roshan Akhtar; 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748) was the thirteenth Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. After being chosen by the Sayyid ...

, and having his son

Timur Shah Durrani Timur Shah Durrani (; ;), also known as Timur Shah Abdali or Taimur Shah Abdali (December 1746 – 20 May 1793) was the second ruler of the Afghan Durrani Empire, from November 1772 until his death in 1793. An ethnic Pashtun, he was the second e ...

marry Zuhra Begum, daughter of Alamgir II. In April 1757, Ahmad Shah reinstalled Alamgir II as the titular emperor, and began his return to Afghanistan. However, actual control of Delhi was given to

Najib-ud-Daula Najib ad-Dawlah (), also known as (), was an Afghan Yousafzai Rohilla who earlier served as a Mughal serviceman but later deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was also a Hous ...

, the

Rohilla Rohillas are a community of Pashtuns, Pashtun heritage, historically found in Rohilkhand, a region in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It forms the largest Pashtun diaspora community in India, and has given its name to the Rohilkhand region ...

'' of the Mughal army who had defected to support Ahmad Shah's invasion, in return for an annual tribute of 20 lakh rupees. Ahmad Shah Durrani returned to

Kabul Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...

, leaving his forces led by Timur Shah, consolidating themselves inside the garrisons of Lahore. After the departure of the Afghans from Delhi, Imad-ul-Mulk, who had been paying the Marathas a tribute, invited them to remove the Rohillas from Delhi. In the ensuing Battle of Delhi, a 40,000-strong Maratha army led by Raghunath Rao expelled Najib ad-Dawlah from the city. The Marathas, now the de facto rulers of Delhi, appointed Antaji Mankeshwar as the governor and retained Alamgir II as the emperor.Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813
/ref> Imad-ul-Mulk would be declared an 'apostate' by Islamic scholars and Ahmad Shah Durrani for inviting the Hindu Marathas to defeat the Muslim Rohilla Afghans.

Maratha conquest of Lahore

In 1758, Peshwa Raghunath Rao drove out Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan out of Lahore after extracting imperial wealth from Imad-ul-Mulk. The Afghans were forced to retreat to Peshawar under the force of Maratha and Sikh attacks. The combined Maratha-Sikh force massacred the Afghan garrison, wounding Jahan Khan and killing his son. The Afghans quickly vacated the forts of

Peshawar Peshawar is the capital and List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population, largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district p ...

and

Attock Attock ( Punjabi, ), formerly known as Campbellpur (Punjabi, ), is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, not far from the country's capital Islamabad. It is the headquarters of the Attock District and is 36th largest city in the Punjab and 61st largest c ...

and retreated west to Afghanistan. Buoyed by success, Ragunath Rao grandiosely sacked Delhi and signalled his intention to place his brother

Balaji Baji Rao Balaji Baji Rao (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), often referred to as Nana Saheb I, was the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. He was appointed as Peshwa in 1740 upon the death of his father, Peshwa Bajirao I. During his tenure, the Chhatra ...

's son

Vishwasrao Vishwasrao Bhat (27 July 1742 – 14 January 1761) was the eldest son and heir of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao of the Maratha Empire. From early in his life, he was trained in administrative matters and exposed to military training since childhood. ...

on the Mughal throne.

Escape of Prince Ali Gauhar and assassination of Alamgir

Imad-ul-Mulk feared that emperor Alamgir would invite Ahmad Shah Durrani or use his son, Prince Ali Gauhar to dispossess him of his newfound power. He began to plot the assassination of the emperor and members of the royal family in the winter of 1759. Fearing for his life, ''

Wali al-Ahd ''Wali al-Ahd'' () is the Arabic and Islamic term for a designated heir of a ruler, or crown prince. Origin of the title The title emerged in the early caliphates, and can be traced to at least . The title itself is ambiguous, as the term can m ...

'' (crown prince) Ali Gauhar organised a milita and escaped Delhi for the

Bengal Subah The Bengal Subah (Bengali language, Bengali: সুবাহ বাংলা, ), also referred to as Mughal Bengal and Bengal State (after 1717), was one of the puppet states and the largest subah, subdivision of The Mughal India, Mughal Emp ...

to strengthen his position by attempting to regain control over

Bengal Bengal ( ) is a Historical geography, historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the Eastern South Asia, eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Benga ...

Bihar Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...

and

Odisha Odisha (), formerly Orissa (List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2011), is a States and union territories of India, state located in East India, Eastern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by ar ...

. Imad-ud-Mulk ordered

Mir Jafar Mir Jafar ( – 5 February 1765), was a commander-in-chief or military general who reigned as the first dependent Nawab of Bengal of the British East India Company. His reign has been considered by many historians as the start of the expansion ...

, the

Nawab of Bengal The Nawab of Bengal (, ) was the hereditary ruler of Bengal Subah in Mughal India. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the ''de facto'' independent ruler of the three regions of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa which constitute the mod ...

to advance as far as

Patna Patna (; , ISO 15919, ISO: ''Paṭanā''), historically known as Pataliputra, Pāṭaliputra, is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India. According to the United Nations, ...

to capture or kill Ali Gauhar. In November 1759, emperor Alamgir II was told that a pious man had come to meet him; ever so eager to meet holy men, set out immediately to meet him at Kotla Fateh Shah, he was stabbed repeatedly by

Imad-ul-Mulk Feroze Jung III or Nizam Shahabuddin Muhammad Feroz Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi also known by his sobriquet Imad-ul-Mulk, was the grand vizier of the Mughal Empire. He was the son of Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II and a grandson of the founder ...

's assassins. The emperor's death would be mourned throughout the empire, but particularly among the Muslim populance. Maratha Peshwa Raghunath Rao, under the influence of

Sadashivrao Bhau Sadashivrao Bhau Bhatt (4 August 1730 – 14 January 1761) was son of Chimaji Appa (younger brother of Bajirao I) and Rakhmabai (Pethe family) and the nephew of Baji Rao I. He was a finance minister during the reign of Maratha king Rajaram II ...

, considered abolishing the Mughal empire, and placing his son

on the Mughal throne by bribing or deposing Imad-ul-Mulk. Sadashivrao Bhau then personally chose

Shah Jahan III Shah Jahan III (; 1711–1772), also known as Mirza Muhi-ul-Millat, was the sixteenth Mughal emperor, albeit briefly. He was the son of Muhi us-Sunnat, the eldest son of Muhammad Kam Bakhsh who was the youngest son of Aurangzeb. He was placed ...

as the new Mughal Emperor and began a campaign of plundering the jewels and ornaments of the Mughal imperial court; defacing Mughal mosques, tombs and shrines in Agra and Delhi, and desecrating the imperial Moti Masjid, and looting its exquisite jewelled decorations.

Fall from power

Ali Gauhar and his 30,000-strong Mughal army, were reinforced by the forces of

Shuja-ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Daula (19 January 1732 – 26 January 1775) was the third Nawab of Oudh and the Vizier of Delhi from 5 October 1754 until his death 26 January 1775. He was a key 18th-century Mughal ally who despised the Maratha-backed Imad-ul-Mulk. ...

and Ahmad Khan Bangash. The Mughals were also joined by

Jean Law de Lauriston Jean Law de Lauriston, (born 5 October, 1719 in Paris, died 16 July 1797, in Paris), was a French military commander and colonial official of Scottish origin. He served twice as Governor General of Pondicherry. Not much is known about his life, but ...

and 200 Frenchmen, who had been waging a campaign against the British as a part of the

Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1756 to 1763, was a Great Power conflict fought primarily in Europe, with significant subsidiary campaigns in North America and South Asia. The protagonists were Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and Kingdom of Prus ...

. Ali Gauhar intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Imad-ul-Mulk by advancing toward Awadh and Patna in 1759. Forced to flee Delhi, Imad-ul-Mulk was replaced as Grand Vizier by Najib-ud-Daula after Ahmad Shah issued a ''farman'' recognising Prince Ali Gauhar as the Mughal emperor

. The defeat of Alamgir II's son-in-law, Timur Shah Durrani by the Marathas in the year 1760, provoked the wrath of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who launched a massive campaign gathering more troops than ever before. At the Battle of Panipat in January 1761, a coalition of Afghan, Rohilla and Awadh troops defeated the Marathas, shattering their influence over the Mughal imperial throne and over northern India.

Later life and death

According to the biography of the poet Gulzar Ibrahim, Imad-ul-Mulk was living in strained circumstances in 1780. In 1784, he formed an arrangement with the Maratha Peshwa and received

Baoni Kadaura is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Jalaun District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. During the British Raj, Kadaura was the capital of an 11-gun salute princely state. History During the British Raj era, Kadaura was the capital ...

as ''

jagir A jagir (), ( Hindustani: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr''), ( Marathi: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar ( Zamindar ...

''. Subsequently, he proceeded to

Surat Surat (Gujarati Language, Gujarati: ) is a city in the western Indian States and territories of India, state of Gujarat. The word Surat directly translates to ''face'' in Urdu, Gujarati language, Gujarati and Hindi. Located on the banks of t ...

where he passed a few years with the English and then went on the

Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...

. He composed

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

and

Rekhta ''Rekhta'' ( ; ''Rekhtā'') was an early form of the Hindustani language. This style evolved in both the Perso-Arabic and Nagari scripts and is considered an early form of Standard Urdu and Modern Standard Hindi. According to the Pakistan ...

poetry and left

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

and Turkish

Ghazal ''Ghazal'' is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry that often deals with topics of spiritual and romantic love. It may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss, or separation from the beloved, and t ...

s and a thick Persian Diwan and a

Masnawi Mathnawi ( ), also spelled masnavi, mesnevi or masnawi, is a kind of poem written in rhyming couplets, or more specifically "a poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines". Most mathnawi poems follow a meter of eleven, or occasionally ten, ...

''Fakhria-tun_Nizam'' and ''Nalaa-e-Ny'' relating the miracles of Maulana Fakhar-ud-Din under the pen name ''Nizam''. Under the influence of

Sufism Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...

, Imad-ul-Mulk abandoned political career and moved to Maharshrif,

Chishtian Chishtian (Punjabi language, Punjabi, ) is a city in Bahawalnagar district in Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab Province, Pakistan. For administrative purposes, it is a part of the similarly named Chishtian Tehsil. It is the List of most populous citie ...

to live with Noor Muhammad Maharvi. He poetically described Maharvi's death, ''حیف واویلا جہاں بے نور گشت'' (What a pity, where there is no light) in 1205 Hijri, indicating his residence in Maharshrif until at least 1791 CE. After Maharvi's death, Imad-ul-Mulk moved to

Khairpur Khairpur ( Sindhi, ) is a city and the capital of the Khairpur Mirs District of Pakistan's Sindh province. History The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first ''Rais'', or ruler of Sindh, a ...

and died there in 1800, where his grave is located. His wife was the celebrated Ganna Begum, who died in 1775. He was succeeded by his son Naser-ad-Daula as the Nawab of Baoni jagir.

Popular culture

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war epic

Panipat Panipat () is an industrial , located 95 km north of Delhi and 169 km south of Chandigarh on NH-44 in Panipat district, Haryana, India. It is famous for three major battles fought in 1526, 1556 and 1761. The city is also known as ...

, the character of Imad-ul-Mulk and his role in the events leading up to the

Third Battle of Panipat The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading army of the Durrani Empire. The battle took place in and around the city of Panipat, approximately north of Delhi. The Afghan (ethnonym), Af ...

is portrayed by

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. In the TV series

The Great Maratha ''The Great Maratha'' is an Indian historical drama television series directed by Sanjay Khan and produced by Numero Uno International Limited. The drama aired on DD National. The series is based on the life of Mahadaji Shinde. The show compr ...

1994 the role was played by Jitendra Trehan.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung 03 Mughal nobility 18th-century births 1800 deaths People from Jalaun Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire 18th-century Mughal Empire people