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The Bugkalot (also Ilongot or Ibilao) are an
/ref>
in Aurora.ph They are also commonly referred to as "Ilongot", especially in older studies, but nowadays, the
In Ivan Salva's study in 1980 of the Bugkalots, she described "gender differences related to the positive cultural value placed on adventure, travel, and knowledge of the external world." Bugkalot men, more often than women, visited distant places. They acquired knowledge of the outside world, amassed experiences there, and returned to share their knowledge, adventures, and feelings in a public oratory in order to pass on their knowledge to others. The Bugkalot men received acclaim as a result of their experiences. Because they lacked external experience on which to base knowledge and expression, Bugkalot women had inferior prestige.
Based on Michelle Rosaldo's study and findings of other stateless societies, anthropologists must distinguish between prestige systems and actual power within a society. Just because a male has a high level of prestige, he may not own much economic or political power compared to others that are less prestigious within the society.
Renato Rosaldo went on to study headhunting among the Bugkalots in his book ''Ilongot Headhunting, 1883-1974: A Study in Society and History''. He notes headhunting raids are often associated with bereavement, a rage, and expiation at the loss of a loved one.
File:Headdress from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8367.1.JPG, A
Bugkalot
* NPR Listen to: High Voltage (Emotions Part 2) - Lige
🔊 Listen Now: High Voltage (Emotions Part 2)Invisibilia: A Man Finds An Explosive Emotion Locked In A Word
{{Authority control Indigenous peoples of the Philippines Ethnic groups in Luzon
The Bugkalot (also Ilongot or Ibilao) are an indigenous peoples
There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...
inhabiting the southern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Mountains, on the east side of Luzon
Luzon ( , ) is the largest and most populous List of islands in the Philippines, island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the List of islands of the Philippines, Philippine archipelago, it is the economic and political ce ...
in the Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
, primarily in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija, officially the Province of Nueva Ecija ( ; ; ; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Palayan, while Cabanatuan, its former capital, is the largest Local gove ...
and along the mountain border between the provinces of Quirino and Aurora
An aurora ( aurorae or auroras),
also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly observed in high-latitude regions (around the Arc ...
./ref>
in Aurora.ph They are also commonly referred to as "Ilongot", especially in older studies, but nowadays, the
endonym
An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate them ...
Bugkalot is preferred in modern ethnic research. They were formerly headhunters.
Presently, there are about 18,000 Bugkalots according to the 2020 census. The Bugkalots tend to inhabit areas close to rivers, as they provide a food source and a means for transportation. Their native language is the Bugkalot language, spoken by about 6,000 people. They also speak the Ilocano and Tagalog language
Tagalog ( ,According to the ''OED'' anMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary ; ''Baybayin'': ) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as ...
s, both spoken in Nueva Ecija and Aurora, with the former also spoken in Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino.
Ancestral lands
Indigenous Bugkalot and Ilongot communities' ancestral domain covers 212,773.47-hectare lands in Nagtipunan, Quirino; Maria Aurora and Dipaculao, Aurora; and Dupax Del Norte, Kasibu, Dupax Del Sur, and Alfonso Castañeda, Nueva Vizcaya. Their certificate of ancestral domain title (CADT) was issued on July 23, 2016, by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples.Culture
In Ivan Salva's study in 1980 of the Bugkalots, she described "gender differences related to the positive cultural value placed on adventure, travel, and knowledge of the external world." Bugkalot men, more often than women, visited distant places. They acquired knowledge of the outside world, amassed experiences there, and returned to share their knowledge, adventures, and feelings in a public oratory in order to pass on their knowledge to others. The Bugkalot men received acclaim as a result of their experiences. Because they lacked external experience on which to base knowledge and expression, Bugkalot women had inferior prestige.
Based on Michelle Rosaldo's study and findings of other stateless societies, anthropologists must distinguish between prestige systems and actual power within a society. Just because a male has a high level of prestige, he may not own much economic or political power compared to others that are less prestigious within the society.
Renato Rosaldo went on to study headhunting among the Bugkalots in his book ''Ilongot Headhunting, 1883-1974: A Study in Society and History''. He notes headhunting raids are often associated with bereavement, a rage, and expiation at the loss of a loved one.
Gallery of Bugkalot art
headdress
Headgear, headwear, or headdress is any element of clothing which is worn on one's head, including hats, helmets, turbans and many other types. Headgear is worn for many purposes, including protection against the elements, decoration, or fo ...
made of a hornbill's beak, shell, wire, rattan and hair
File:Bracelet from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8387.1.JPG, A bracelet
A bracelet is an article of jewellery that is worn around the wrist. Bracelets may serve different uses, such as being worn as an ornament. When worn as ornaments, bracelets may have a supportive function to hold other items of decoration, ...
made of brass, beads and mother of pearl
File:Necklace from Northern Luzon, Ilongot, brass, mother-of-pearl and beads, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG, A necklace
A necklace is an article of jewellery that is worn around the neck. Necklaces may have been one of the earliest types of adornment worn by humans. They often serve ceremonial, religious, magical, or funerary purposes and are also used as sy ...
made of brass, mother-of-pearl and beads
File:Men's ear pendants, Ilongot, Honolulu Museum of Art 8368.1.JPG, Men's ear pendants made of hornbill, discs of shell, beads and brass
File:Earring from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8372.1.JPG, Earring
Earrings are jewelry that can be worn on one's ears. Earrings are commonly worn in a piercing in the earlobe or another external part of the ear, or by #Clip-on and other non-pierced earrings, some other means, such as stickers or clip-ons. Earr ...
s made of shell, brass and beads
File:Hair ornament from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art II.JPG, A hair ornament
File:Pendant from Ilongot, the Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art 8386.1.JPG, A pendant
A pendant is a loose-hanging piece of jewellery, generally attached by a small loop to a necklace, which may be known as a "pendant necklace". A pendant earring is an earring with a piece hanging down. Its name stems from the Latin word ...
made of Japanese coins, brass, aluminum and glass
File:Men's ear pendants (batling) from Ilongot in northern Luzon, hornbill, brass, shell and cotton, Honolulu.JPG, Men's ear pendants (''batling'') made of hornbill, brass, shell and cotton
References
* * Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist, Lamphere Louise. ''A Mulher. A Cultura e a Sociedade''. ("Woman. The Culture and Society") Brazil: RJ. Paz e Terra, 1979. Coleção O Mundo hoje. ("The world today") 31. p. 58. *External links
Bugkalot
* NPR Listen to: High Voltage (Emotions Part 2) - Lige
🔊 Listen Now: High Voltage (Emotions Part 2)
{{Authority control Indigenous peoples of the Philippines Ethnic groups in Luzon